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ELEMENTS 



OP 



GERMAN GRAMMAR, 



INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS. 



•^%, 



\ 



Works of the same' author, 

published by (j^, X ^X\X$^ i 
at the half oj' the London Price, 

A GRAMMAR OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 

Sixth Edition. 12mo. Frankfort o. M. Price 3fl. Qkr. 
or 1 dlr. 18 gr. in boards. 



EXERCISES FOR WRITING GERMAN, according 
to the Rules of Grammar. Fifth Edition. 12mo. Frank- 
fort o. M. Price 2 fl. 24 kr. or 1 dlr. 8 gr. in boards. 



READING LESSONS. An Appendix to. the Ele- 
ments of German Grammar. Second Edition, with a 
Vocabulary. 12mo. Frankfort o. M. Price Ifl. 12kr. 
or 16 gr. in boards* 



ELEMEIVTS 



OF 



GERMAN GRAMMAR 



INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS. 



BY \ 

Ph. D. X. L. D, 
OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, 

F.R.S.r.A.S. M.A.S. F.L.S. H.S, COR. SOC. SCIENT. GOTTING. LATJN, JtN. 

MiN. JEN. NAT. LIPS* BEROL. etc. 



THE FOURTH EDITION. 

WITH 

a €olUction of ^'^vme^ 

AND 




FRANKFORT : 

PaZNTED FOR GEORGE FREDERICK KRUG. 



18 3 0. 



.^ 



o^ 



^ 






1 



PREFACE. 



y 



The first rudiments of the language, exhibited 
in a simple form, and accompanied with a little 
comment, as may be, is what constitutes of 
the Epitome,^ now again offered to the publick. 
It furnishes the frame-work for a more complete 
and laborious study of grammar; and by fixing 
the elementary, and essential parts, fijrmly in 
the memory of the incipient scholar, serves as 
the best introduction to a well-grounded and 
comprehensive knowledge. The book is intended 
for beginners, and experience has shown that, 
for such a purpose, it proves very useful. The 
nature and intention of it were not immediately 
understood: and hence not much encouragement 
was given of the Elements^ when they were first 



produced: but they have of late been better 
comprehended, and the call for the book has 
been considerable. This has occasioned a fourth 
edition, which, indeed, ought to have appeared 
sooner, in order so satisfy the demand of the 
publick. 

G. H. Noehden. 



ELEMENTS 



OP 



GERMAN GRAMMAR. 



-.T-^ 



nr 



COLLECTION of PHRASES 



AND 



VOCABULARY. 



COLLECTION OF PHRASES. 



1. For petty Conversation, or small talk. 



'■ ©utcn 2l6cnb. 

' 9Bte 6cftnbcn (gtc ftd^? 

2Bte gei)t§? (* more fa- 
wlC ♦ ( speaking. 

©anj n)of)L 
I giemUc^ n:)of)L 
^i\)t n)of)t/ (or, tcd^t 

I fen (or, 9cru(;ct)? 
e§ ift f^oncl 2Bcttcr. 
@c()t tDatm unb ange- 

®cl)r frtfd^e Suft* 
Sfcu^crft Mu 
Sin fcf)neibcnbcr 233inb* 
®cf)t bet 2Btnb ftarf? 
Sg voxxi n)af)rfc^ein(icl^ 

regnen* 
Se regnet — c§ fd^neit 
G^ bonnert — eS bli^t* 
es f)age(tt 



Good morning, Sir! 
Good evening. 
How do you do? 

How goes it? 

What are you doing? 

Tolerably well. 
Pretty well. 
Very well. 

Hawe you slept (or rest- 
ed) well? 

It is fine weather. 

Very warm and plea- 
sant. 

Very fresh air. 

Extremely cold. 

A cutting wind. 

Is the wind high? 

It will probably rain. 

It rains — it snows. 
It thunders — it lightens. 
It hails. 



PHRASES. 



©ic ©onne fd^cint 
2Boltcn @ic fpajicrcn 

gct)cn? 
SBolten @ic nid^t eincn 

f urjcn (gpajicrgang ma= 

d^en? 
SBoKcn @ic mitgef^cn? 

^a6en @ie f)icr angencl)^ 

me ©pajicrgdnge? 
3a, jiemH^ gute* 
Steiten ®ic nie? 

D^cin, faft gar nid^t* 

®tc (efcn fel;r t)icL 

3d) bitu urn 23crjeif)ung, 

fct)r tDcntg* 
@te()en @ie fruf) auf? 
?tein: aber idE) get)e gc- 

n)6f)nnc^ fpdt ju aSett* 
SBte ^id Ui)t ift e§? or, 
2Ba^ ift hk 6)(ocfe? 
(iin U()t (or ginS)* 
3n>ei U(;r (or S«><^0* 
©in 23icrte{ auf btci* 

©rei SSicrtet auf btci 



g§ ift btet llf)r, k. 
S6 get)t auf v>icr* 



The sun shines. 
Will you take walk? 

Will you not take a 
short walk? 

Will you go with me (or, 

with us)? 
Have you pleasant walks 

here? 
Yes, pretty good ones. 
Do you never ride (/. e. 

go on horseback)? 
No, hardly at all. 
You read a great deal. 
1 beg your pardon, verj 

little. 
Do you rise early? 
No : but T generally go 

to bed late. 

What o'clock is it? 

One o'clock. 

Two o'clock. 

A quarter past two (lit, 

a quarter upon three). 
Half" past two {literally 

half three). 
Three quarter after two. 

or, a quarter to three 

{liter, three quarters 

upon three). 
It is three o'clock, etc. 
Is is past three {lit. it I 

goes towards four). 



PHRASES. 



Cvv3 fcftfdflt mcv. It is strikingh four. 

Sticit c§ ()cfclV(ac]cn? Has it struck? 

(So wivi) o^Uid) fc^lagcm It will strike immedi- 
ately. 
Gcht 3f^re Uf)t ric^tic)? Does your watch go 

right? 
i (Em>ac> ^u gcfi^iDmfcc — Rather too fast — too 
'■ gU (v^ngfanu slow. 

3ci^ muf) mctnc Uhv auf- I must wind up my 
jicbcn. watch. 



fct)cn? 
gr xvat nxd)t ju >§aufe* 
^abcn (gie tie Scitunacn 

gckfcn? 
i 2Ba^ 8i6t c6 9Mic6? 
-}^ic6t "Old — nii^t^ von 

'Sc(ang* 
.Oabcn Sic 23ricfc cri)a(= 

ten ? 
D^ein! bic ^^cft ift nocfi 

nic^t angcfcmmcn. 
SBoItcn ®ie ju 2)cittag 

6ct mir ejjcn? 
SBoHcn @ie ju 2{6cnb 

(or, bicfcn Sttcnb) 6ci 

mir cjJcn? 
l2Bie @ic bclicScn, or^ 

mc @ic vpoUcn* 

en Sie gern 9itnb- 

f (eifc^ ? 



Hare you seen Mr. N? 

He was not at home, 

Haye you read the news- 
papers? 

What is the news? 

Not much — nothing of 
importance. 

HaTC you received let- 
ters ? 

No I the post is not 
come in yet. 

Will you dine with me? 

Will you sup with me? 



As you like, or, as you 

please. 
Do you like beef? 



PHRASES. 



"S^t ()icr\?on cjcfdtlig, or, 
6c(ic6cn @ic ctu)a^ ()icr- 

@ie efjcn nid^t* 

®ie (ajjcn [ic^ nbtl^igen* 

233oHcn ®ie cin ©(a§ 

2Bcin trinfcn? 
3iot()en 2Bcin (or, fRoti)^ 

mm). 
SBei^cn 923cin (or, 2Bcig- 

Sft 3^ncn ^affce, obcr 

2f;ce gcfdltig? 
3d) banfe 3t)ncn* 



S8(ci6cn @ie nodb cin 

tbenig* 
Sitcn @ie nid^t 
3^ t)a6c nic^t (or, Fcinc) 

SBoHcn ®ie micbct fom- 

mcn? 
©S tf)ut mit (eib — id^ 

I)abc St6()a(tunci* 
S()un @ie mit ben ©e- 

fatten* 
Sajjen @te fid^ erbitten. 

5d^ 6itte ©ic* 
©cpn @ic fo gut* 
@epn ®ie fo gutig. 
^abcn @ic Me ©ute» 



Do you choose any 
thing of this? 

You do not eat. 

You want to be pressed. 

Will you drink a glass 

of wine? 
Red wine. 

White wine. 

Do you choose coffee, or 
tea? 

I thank you. (This, like 
the French bien obli- 
ge^ generally signifies, 
that the offer is de- 
clined.) 

Stay a little longer. 

Do not be in a hurry. 
I haye not time. 

Will you come again? 

I am sorry — I am pre- 

yented. 
Do me this fay our. 

Be entreated, be per- 
suaded. 
I beg you. 
Be so good. 
Be so kind. 
Haye the goodness. 



PHRASES. 



e§ tft mir nic^t mcgtic^* 
2e6cn ©ic n:)ol;L 
©utcn Zaq. 
©utc yiad)t' 
SDtorgen fcf)cn xv'it unS 
tpicbcr* 

95i§ aufg 2Bicbcrfcf)cm 
©c^lafcn @ic tPot^L 
(£6 \\t fpdt 
e§ ift friit). 
@inb @ie mube? 



It IS not possible for me. 

Farewell! good bye! 

Good day. 

Good night. 

To morrow we see each 

other again, or, we 

meet again. 
Till we meet again. 
May you sleep well. 
It is late. 
It is early. 
Are you tired, or, sleepy? 



manb fommcm 
dh ffopft jemanb* 
2Bet ift ba? 
Jpcrcin* 
iOiad^cn ®te bic 2t)ur 

auf* 
93tad)cn @tc bie Sf)ur ju* 
^(ingefn ©ic, or, fcf)cltcn 

©ii% 
©eben ©ie mir. 
Sringcn ©ie mir* 
^olcn ©ie mir* 
2So ift? 
2Bic mi? 
©a^ ift tljeucr? 



I think, I hear some 

body coming. 
Somebody knocks. 
Who is there? 
Come in. 
Open the door. 

Shut the door. 
Ring the Bell. 

Give me (i. e. to me). 
Bring me (i. e. to me). 
Fetch me (i. e. for me). 
Where is? 
How much ? 
That is dear. 



s 



PHRASES. 



i 



2. For polite^ or complimentary^ Coiiversatt'on.X 



G^ ift mir an9cnc()m, 
^afj xi) bie S(;re I;abc, 
@ic ju fc[)cn. 

25crjci!;cn ®ic, ba^ icl^ 
fo fvci bin, 3(;ncn 
mcine 9cf)orfamft-c 2lu[- 
trartung ju mad[)cn* 

@ie crjcigen mit vicfe 
(Sf)rc burcf) 3()tcn gu- 
ticjcn Scfucf> 

3d) l)abc (ange ba5 
©Uuf mljt 9c(;a6t, 
@ic ju fef)cn; un6 
fv:ue mid) baf)er/ @ie 
fo xi^^lji ju finbcn* 

®ie bcftnben ©icl^ bod^ 
aud^ rcd)t tt)o()L 

9Ba6 mad)cn 3(KC ttJcr^ 
tf)cn 2fn9ct)oriacn ? 

3rf)^bm 3()ncn fur 3f)^e 
gutigc Jiad^fragc Der- 
bunbcn : @ic finb altc 
gefiinb unb n)ot)L 

©a6 frcut mid^ auf^erct- 
bentttd^* 

aSSoKcn ®tc @id^ ntd^t 
niebcriajjcn? 

©arf id^ 3f)n^n cincn 
(Stuf)f anbietcn? 

3d^ bitte 9cf)orfamft/ bc- 
muf)cn @ie ©id^ nid^t* 

3d^ bittc, fc^en @ie @ic^> 



I am happy to have the 
honour of seeing you. 

Pardon me for taking 
the liberty of paying 
my humble respects 
to you. 

You do me great ho- 
nour by your hind 
yisit. 

I have, for a long while, 
not had the happiness 
of seeing you; and 
am therefore glad to 
find you so w^elh 

You are likewise very 
well, I hope. 

How is your family? 

I am obliged to you for 
your kind enquiry: 
they are all in health, 
and well. 

That gives me very 
great pleasure. 

Will you not take a 
seat? 

May I offer you a chair?! 

I beg, you will not trou-| 

ble yourself. 
I beg you to be seated.! 



PHRASES. 



©ic finb fcbr gutig. 

3c^ Danfe 3'^ncn v)crfcinb- 

3cf) furcf)tc @ic ju 6c- 
(dftigcn* 

9icin/ im gcringften nid^t: 
c§ madbt mir l)ingegcn 
yic(c§ aScrgnugcn, @ie 
iu fef)en. 

3c^ rDimfd^tc, tDcnn c§ 
3()te gcit erfaubt, ein 
paar SBorte ubct cine 
getDitTe ©ad^e mit 3!)^ 
ncn ju rcbcn* 

3ci^ tt)i(( 3f)ncn mit bem 
grb^ten 23ergnugcn barin 
bicncn* 

©ie t)crpffid^ten mid^ burd^ 
3()rc ©cfdIIigPeit* 

i ®arf id^ mir nid^t bie 
(£f)te 3t)tcr ©efclt- 
fd^aft auf morgcn 
SDtittag (obct auf mot^^ 
gen 5{6enb) jum Sjjen 
ctbitten ? 
©a§ tDirb ^icfe (£f)te fur 
midf) fet)n. 

3c^ cmpfe(){c mid& 3f)- 

ncn* 
3d^ ()a6e bie S()re mid^ 

3f}nen ju empfe()(em 



You are very tind. 

I thank you yery much. 

I am afraid of being 
troublesome to you. 

No, not in the least: on 
the contrary, it gives 
me great pleasure to 
see you. 

I could wish, if your 
time permits it, to 
speak with you a few 
words, upon a certain 
subject. 

I will, with the greatest 
pleasure, serve you 
in it. 

You oblige me greatly 
by your kindness. 

May I request the ho- 
nour of your company 
to-morrow to dinner 
(or to supper)? 



That will be a great 
honour for me. 

I recommend myself to 
you. 

I have the honour of re- 
commending myself 
to you. (These are 
expressions of res- 
pect, similar to /'your 



10 



PHRASES. 



3^ bitk mit fctnet 3f)- 
re ®ett)ogen{)eit unb 
^reunbfd^aft au§* 

Sann Id^ tie Sf)re f)a6en? 

©arf ic^ ®ie bitten? 

©arf i4 ®ie 6cmuf)en? 

SBoKcn @ie mit ct(au* 
6en? 

3^ 6itte urn 95etjeif)un§* 

Sntfd^utbigen ©ic mi^» 

S3crjcif)m @ie mit* 
3ft 3f)ncn gefdltig? 



humble servant, your 
most obedient ser- 
vant.") 

I farther request your 
favour, and friend- 
ship. 

May I have the honour? 

May I beg you? 

May I trouble you? 

Will you permit me? 

I beg pardon. 

Excuse me , pardon 

me. 
Pardon me. 
Does it please you? 



3. For Travelling. 

233ic wcit ift ^Cttin "OOn How far is Berlin from 

l)ict? , hence? 

gwanjig (beutfd^e) SOld* Twenty (German) miles. 



* A German mile is the fifteenth part of an equa- 
torial degree 5 consequently, the proportion of a Ger- 
man mile to an English, is :r 15: 69, or nearly 1: 4^/i}\ 
which makes a German mile equal to 4^4 English,] 
within a small fraction. 



PHRASES. 



11 



923ie ^te(e ©taticnm 



rcn 



?^ 



3^ gtauSe, jcf)n* 
Unb tt)ie ^te( 6cjaf)(t man 
fut bic (Station? 

Sieifcn @ie mit jwci, 
obet mit ^icr ^fet- 
fccn? 

©ett?6f)n(i^ mit jweien, 
tt)enn bic SSege nid^t 
JU fd^ted^t finb* 

©ie ©ttagc t)on ^> nad^ 
&* ift jicmlid^ gut* S§ 
ift cine f)of)e fianbftta^c 
(or, ChaiissSe),f 

3ft ba§ bic Sanbfttafc, 

obet cin S*^f»^tt^^9 i^^- 

bentpcg) ? 
2Bo 9e()t biefet 933e3 

{)in? 
©icfet jut Sled^ten (or, 

tcc^tS)* 



How many stages hare 
we to pass? 

I think, ten. 
And how much does one 
pay for a stage? 

Do you travel with two, 
or with four horses? 

Commonly with two, 
whea the roads are 
not too bad. 

The road from H. to G. 
is pretty good. It is 
a turnpike road. 

Is that the high road, 
or a cross-road (by- 
road) ? 

"Where does this road 
go-to? 

This one to the right. 



* This phrase contains two impure, or spurious, 
words, not truly German, viz: ©tatiotteit, and pafflrctt. 
A well taught, and accurate scholar will always shun 
such foreign terms. Here the phrase might be: 2Bie 
i5tefe ^Of!tt5ec^feI i)aten Wir? how many changes of posts 
have we? This would, however, not be so easily un- 
derstood, in common life, as the expressions, ©tationetl 
and pafjlten, which may be considered as a sort of tech- 
nical language; and it may, therefore, in a practical 
point of view, be excusable to employ them. 

f A French term for a high road. 



12 



PHRASES. 



Scncr jut fiinfcn (or, 
iinU). 

©ie 2Bcge ftnb tauf)* 
©ie ©purcn ticf» 
S*e Qd)t )dctQ = auf — 
aSerg - a6* 

^oftPnec^t (or, ^oftiHon, 
also ©cfiwagct), fat)tt 

aCBarum faf)rt 3()^ f"^ 

langfam? 
%al)n gcfc^vDinber* 

2Bir fa{)rcn faum einc 
^albe (bcutfc{)e) 93tcire 
in einet ©tunbe* 

©a^ ift ju arg* 

2Benn 5(;t nid^t beffcr 
fat)rt, fo friegt 3t)c 
fcin JrinPgctb.^ 

@mb bie ^fcrbe mube? 

235ir muffen 23orfpann 

nef)men* 
Jpattet in biefem ©crfe> 
3ft bafelbft ein SBirtf)^- 

^ann i^ xiUt yia^t t)kt 
bleibcn (or, logtreu)2 f 



That one to the left. 

The roads are rough. 
The ruts deep. 
It goes up hill — down 
hill. 

Postboy, go on. 

Why do you drive so 

slow? 
Drive faster. 

We scarce go half a ' 
(German) mile in an ! 
hour. 

That is too bad. 

If you do not drive bet-j 
ter, you will not get J 
any money. 

Are the horses tired? 

We must get some ad- 
ditional horses. 
Stop in this village. 
Is there an Inn? 

Can I stay here this] 
night. 



♦ The gratuity that is given to the lower people 
as an additional reward for their services, besides theii 
wages, is called Xrinfge(b , literally^ drinking moneyj 
that is, money intended to be spent in drink. ^ i 

f Here is again a French term, of which descrip 
tion there are still many to be found in the language* 



PHRASES. 



10 



^akm ®ic Qutc aSctte 
(or, a3cttcn)?^' 

3()nen aufjun?artcn> 

9^cf)mt mcinc (Sadden au§ 
tern SBagcn. 

33rin9t ten ivcjfct f)ercin> 

23erj3etlt ben 9)iantclfac5 
nic^r* 

^crt SBirtf)/ ncf)mcn @ie 
mcinc ^dcfcrcicn in 

@ic muiJcn bafut cinftc()cn* 

met? 
Jpci^cn ®ic ein* 



; <^ 



Sajjcn @ic cm()ci^en* 



Haye you good beds? 

At your service. 

Well, I will get out* 

Take my things out of 
the carriage* 

Bring in the trnuk. 

Do not forget the port- 
manteau. 

Landlord, take care of 
my luggage. 

You must answer for 
it. 

Where is the bed-room ? 

Ligt a fire, or, make a 
fire, in the room. 

Get a fire lighted. 



Though they begin to be exploded from accurate and 
refined discourse, and composition, they remain as yet 
current among the people, and are, in some instances, 
better understood, than the legitimate German expres- 

isions, that are substituted for them. AYherever they 
occur, in these phrases, they \Till be printed inltaliclis, 

|and be put in brackets. 

* Either of these Mords, ^etU, or, Settett, will do 
^ ,lfor the question: the difference between them, however, 
-'! jcught to be understood, ^ette are the beds altogether, 
n^edsteads and beddings; Setteit refers to the parts, 
Jjcomposing the inside of a bed, the bedding. See Gr. 
;!p. 144, 5. 



14 



PHRASES. 



aSae fann ic^ 5U cjjcn 

3ft fcin ^uc^cngcttd bal 
©a*3 ift alfo bier nic^t gc^ 
6raud)lic{)f, eincn ^u- 
Acnjcttcl 5U t;aUcn. 

fommcn? 
g©a§ fur 2Bem f)aben 

@ie l;ict? 
gr ift ni^t ^orsugtic^* 

$Da5 tf}ut mir tcib. 

2Bie Old foftct bie ^t^f^^ 
(or, Bouteille?) 

©amit ift et 6ejat)(t* 



3d^ mag it;n nic^U 

ibnncn @ie mir ^affee 
mac^cn? 

£) ja, ttjcnn 3f;ncn ge- 
fdttig ift> 

aSeUebcn @ie gcfoc^te 
2)Wcf) fcaju? 

5icin If altcngia{)m (or, fat- 
ten S^ott, f a(te @a(;ne). 

©oH ic^ @ie bebienen? 

58ringt mit ben ©tiefet^^ 
fnecf)t unb ein ^^aar 
^antoffeln. 



Bring a candle. 

What can I have to eat? 

Is there no bill of fare? 
So, it is not usual 

here to keep a bill of 

fare. 
Well, what can I have? 

What sort of wine have 

you here? 
It is not particularly 

good. 
That I am sorry for. 
How much does a bottle 

cost? 
It is paid with that, (i.e. 

that is money enough 

for it.) 
1 do not like it. 

Can you make some 

coffee for me? 

Certainly, if you please. 

Do you like boiled milk 

with it? 
No, cold cream. 

Shall I help you? 

Bring me the bootjack, 

and a pair of J^lippers, 



PHRASES, 



15 



3c^ tptlt ba§ ^ctt gctvdrmt 
habciu 

3* bcnPc mcrgcn fc()V fcu() 
abjurcifcn* 

®ic mutJcn mid^ a(fo 

Um VDie ^:>icf Ubr? 

Um wddjc B^it2 

Um I)a(6 >jici% 

©cnniif) mu^bcnSagncci^ 
na(I)vpamfcur9 fcmmcm 

fcnncm 

2Bit n^cHcn fchcn. 
2Bo ift tie Dicc^nung? 

9vcd^ncn [ic t)tct nad^ 2:()a- 
tcrn, '"' ©re[c£)cn unb 
^fcnnigcn? 

©inb bicJ3 @utc=©rofd^cn 
obct focjenannte DJiaricn* 
©ro[d[)cn? f 



I want to have my bed 
warmed. 

I think of setting out 
yery early tomorrow. 

Therefore, youmust call 
me. 

At what o'clock 

At what time? 

At half past three. 

For I must that day get 
to Hamburg. 

That you will hardly be 
able to do* 

We will see. 
Where is the bill? 

Do you reckon here by 
dollars, ^"^ groshes, and 
pennigs? 

Are those good groshes, 
or what they call 
Mary-groshes ?"* 



* A dollar, ({Heicb^tl)a(er, commonly called rixdol- 
iar by the English, which, in the original, means dol- 
lar of the Empire) according to the general coinage in 
Germany, A\as, upon an average, usually estimated at 
3.^ 6<i English : but, according to the present course of 
exchange (Jidy 1825), which is in favour of England, it 
is little more than 3^. During the late war, the balance 
of exchange was against England, and the rixdollar 
was w^orth more than 3^ 6d. 

f They were called Mary-groshes, because they 
bore originally an impression of the Holy Virgin* 

b '' 



16 



PHRASES. 



2Sa$ ift cin Svtcit^cr? 

Bmi Srcul3et cin ©cd^fer* 

Bn?ct) ®ed[)fct cin©ro[(f)cn 
(or, ©utct-©ro[(f)cn)* 

23icr unb jtDanjig ©utc- 
@rofd)cn cin Zt)aUv* 

Std^t @ro[(f)cn (i. e. ©utc= 
©tofcl^cn) cin ©rittcf, 
obct cin f)at6ct ©u(^ 
ben* 

<B^^^d)n cin ©ufbcn* 

Sbcr nad^ SDtaricn == @ro- 
fd^cn, xvk md gel/cn 
auf cincn 2f;a(cr? ~ 
@cd^6 unb bvcif3i3* 

&n pfennig ift ii<^t ac^te 
Xi)M cinc6 93(aticn- 
grofd^en^, unb bet 
gn)b(ftc cinc^ ©utcn- 
©rofc^cn6* 

SK>a6 t)cif5t cin mattkxl 

Sin f)al(6er 9}^iricn=©vo- 
fd^cn. 

^dkt ift menigcv aB cin 
pfennig ? 

Sfufjct biefcn gicbt c5 fo 
i)ic(e Siunjartcn in 
©eutfd^tanb, baf^ c^ 
Scit crforbcrt, \k fcn= 
nen ju (crncn^ 

'^*unf Zi)akx mac^cn cine 
^ifto(e. 



What is a kroilzer? 

Two kroitzers a sexer. 

Two sexers a grosh, or 
good grosh. 

Four and twenty good 
groshes a dollar. 

Eight groshes (i. e. good 
groshes) a drittel, or 
half a gilder. 

Sixteen a gilder. 

Or, according to Mary- 
groshes , how many 
go to a dollar? — 
Thirty - six. 

A pennig is the eighth 
part of a Mary-grosh, 
and the twelfth of a 
good grosh. 

What is called a mat- 
teer? 

Half a Mary-grosh. 

Heller is less than a 
pennig. 

Besides these, there are 
so many sorts of coin 
in Germany, that it 

• requires time to get 
acquainted with them. 

Five dollars make a 
pistole. 



PHRASES. 



17 



©a6 f)ci^t, SRcici)6tba(cr/ 
nicf)t [o genanntc ©rof^e 

Stealer. ^- 

g6 ift ein S*^iebrid^§b'cr/ 
ein Soui^b'or, cm 
Savfb'or* t 

3ft bie ^tftofc (or, bcr 
S*ncbncf)'Dor,etc.) oolU 

a5icHcitf)t cttt)a6 ju (cid^t* 

©c6cn ©te Stufgctb (or, 

Agio)? ff 
3Bie f)cc]^ fommt bic 

Sicd^nung ? 

ten? 

©ie 3led^nung bctrdgt fo 
vieL 

ftebcn ba^ StnfcftrcU 
fecn* 



That IS to say, rlxdoUars, 

not what are called 

big dollars, or French 

dollars. 
Get change for me. 
It is a Frederic d'or, a 

Louis d'or, a Charles 

d'or. 
Is the pistole (or the 

Frederic d'or, etc.) 

full weight? 
Perhaps somewhat too 

light. 
Do you giye agio? 

What does the bill 

amount to? 
What haye I to pay ? 

The bill amounts to so 
much. 

Landlord , you under- 
stand making out a 
bill. 



* Those dollars are also called, in Germany, ici\x\^* 
t^afer, foliage-dollars, from the wreath of foliage, im- 
pressed upon them. 

f All these are different denominations for a pi- 
stole, taken from the names of the sovereigns that 
coined them. 

ff Agio (^ufge(b) is money, paid for the difference 
between the value of gold-, and silver-coin. In Germany, 
the balance is, generally, in favour of the gold. 



18 



PHRASES, 



©a^ ift bittig. 

S^ ift ju mi — a6cr f)ier 

ift 3()r ©cfb. 
2Bo fmb tie «pfctbe? 
©pannt an* 
fOiad^t fort. 
3ft bet SBagcn 9c=: 

fc^miert? 
@inb bie SKdbcr in gutcm 

©tanbe ? 
0it(l^t§ jerbro^cn? 
2Bc(c^eg ift ba§ beftc 

a2Sivtr)6f)au6 in ^.l 



That is unreasonable. 

That is reasonable. 

It is to much — but here 

is your money. 
Where are the horses? 
Put to. 
Make haste. 
Has the carriage been 

greased? 
Are the wheels in good 

condition? 
Nothing brohen? 
Which is the best Inn 

at H.? 



VOCABULARY. 



1. Therms relating tho the Human Body. 



©Ct Sei6/ the body, 
©et ^opf, the head, 
©ic (Sd^ldfe, plur. the 

temples, 
©ie ©time (or, ©tirn), 

the forehead. 
©a§ Sfuge, the eye. 
©a^ 5(ugcn(ieb/ the eye- 
lid; pi. bic Slugcnlie- 

fccr* 
©ic Slugenbraune / the 

eye-brow: pi. bie 2[u- 

Qcnfetauncn* 
©ie ^ugmmimpern/ pi. 

the eye-lashes. 

©ie >Oaare/ pi. the hair; 

sing, iah ^aar+ 
©ie a^afe, the nose. 
©aS 9^afen(od^, the nos- 

tril. 

©a6 <Df)t/ the ear. 
©et 9}Zunb, the mouth. 
©ie Sippe, the lip. 
©ct Bat)n, the tooth. 
©a6 S4^ffcifc^ , the 
gums. 



©ie S^^9^/ t^^ tongue. 

©et ©aumen, the pa- 
late. 

©et SBarfen, tie SBacfe, 
bie SSange, the cheek. 

©a^ Sinn, the chin. 

©ie ^innfabe, bet Sinn- 
bacfen/ the jaw-bone. 

©et )Qaxtf the beard* 

©ie Set)(e/ the throaty 
the windpipe. 

©et ^§al^, the neck, 
chiefly the forepart. 

©et D^acfen, the neck 

behind. 

©ie ©c^uftet, bie 5td^[e(, 

the shoulder. 

©et Ovucfen, the back 

©et Stucfgtat, the back- 
bone, the spine. 

©et Sttm, the arm. 

©et Sfbcgen, the elbow. 

©ie ^anb, the hand. 

©ie Sauft, the fist. 

©et S'inget/ the finger. 

©et ^^agef, the nail. 



20 



VOCABULARY. 



JDcrSaumeu/ the thumb. 

©ct ^nb^df the knuck- 
le. 

S5ie Sruft, the breast, 
chest. 

©et Saud^, or, (more 
decorously) bet Sci6, 
the bellj, or, (more 
decently) the sto- 
mach. 

©et 9)?a9en, the sto- 
mach. 
©a§ ^ein, the leg. 
©et @cf)cnfc(/ the thigh. 
©a6 Snic, the knee, 
©ic ®cf)icne, -ba6 ©d^ien- 

tciU/ the shin. 



S)ie ^ab^, the calf of 

the leg^ 
S5er guf3, the foot. 
©et ^noc^et, the ankle. 
©ie B^f)^/ th^ toe. 
©ic S'^^rfc, bie Jpacfe, bet 

x^arfcn, the heel. 
^ai ©cknfe, the joint* 
©te ^aut, the skin. 
©a^ S'tcif^, the flesh. 
©a§ ^(ut, the blood. 
SDa§ ®c(;irn, the brain, 
©ie (Stngcweibc, pi. the 

bowels, 
©a^ ^crj, the heart. 
S)ic fiunge, the lungs. 



2* Terms relating to Dress. 



©ie ^(eibung, dress, 

clothes. 
Sic ^(eibung^ftucfe, pi. 

wearing apparel. 

©ie 2Bdfc^e, clothes, 
which are sent to the 
wash, linen. 

©a^ Zxx^f the cloth: 
also the handker- 
chief. 

©ie ScineVDanb, linen 
cloth. 



©ic ©eibe, the silk. 
S)ic SBolIe, the wool. 
©ie a3aumtt)oHe, the 

cotton. 

©a^ ^(eib, a mans 
dress coat; also a wo- 
man's gown. 

©ct 9todf/ the coat; als< 
petticoat. 

S)cr ^ut, the hat. 

©ic SOfu^e/ the cap. 



VjJ? 



VOCABULARY. 



21 



©a^o ^aUtn^, the neck- 

clotli. 
£)a§ @d)nupftud^ , the 

pocket-handherchief. 

©a^ v^emb, the shirty 
or, shift. 

©ie SBcfte, the waist- 
coat. 

©ic ^ofen, (also bic >6o^ 
(C/ in the sing.), or, 

bie Seinffeiber, the 
breeches, small clo- 
thes. 

Sin ^aat ^cfen; cin 
^aar SciuFkibet , a 
pair of breeches; a 
a pair of small clothes. 

©cr ©ttumpf/ the stock- 
ing; pi. bk ©trurn- 



Sin ^aat ©trumpfc, a 

pair of stockings. 

©a^ ®trumpf6anb, the 

garter. 

©cr @c^uf), the shoe; 
pi. bie ®cf;ui)i% 

©cr ©ticfct, the boot; 
pL bie ©ticfcL 

©Ct ^anteffel, the slip- 
per; pi. bie ^antof- 
feln. 

©ie ©c^nattc/ the buck- 
le. 

©et ^nopf, the button. 

©ie Safd^Cf the pocket. 

©ie (S^nurbruft, the 

stays, 
©ec 5'^ben, the thread, 
©ie ?iabe(, the needle, 

the pin. 

©ie ©tedfnabet, the pin. 



3. Terms relating to the House ^ Furniture^ 

Utensils , etc. 



©a§ ^m^, the house. 

©a^ Simmer, the apart- 
ment, the room, 
chamber. 

©et ^acHf a large room, 
saloon. 

©ie ©tube, the room. 

©ie hammer, a small 



apartment, chamber, 
commonly understood 
to be without store, 
or fire-place. 

©a§ @cf)!afjimmet, ik 
©dE)(af£ammer, bie 
:S^ammer, the bed- 
room. 



22 



\OGABULARY. 



©ic 2f)iir, the door. 

©a^3 S'^^nftcr, the win- 
dow. 

T>a^ ©acf), the rooF. 

S)tc Sccfe, the ceiling; 
also the cover of any 
thing. 

Sic Srcj^pc, the stairs. 

S>a^ ©cfdnbct/ the rails, 
balusters. 

©er OfcH/ the stove. 

ftdttC/ the fire-place. 

SX^r ©d^ornftcin, feie 
gcuetmaucv , t»cr 

©d^tot, the chimney. 
©Ct ^cerb, the hearth, 
S>ie Suc^C, the kitchen. 
©ie ^ot)(C/ the coal. 
©a§ -^o(j, the wood. 
©a^ 'Srcnnf)o(5, the fire- 

wood, 
©er ©tcin/ the stone. 
©a6 a3ctt, the bed. 
©a6 ^ifjcn, the cushion. 

©a^ ^opfEifJcn, the pil- 
low. 
©ie aSetten, pi. ba^ ©c^ 

6ctt, the bedding. 

©a§ g-ebetbett, the fea- 
ther-bed. 

©ic n)ottene ©erfe, the 

blanket. 
©et Stfd^, the table. 
S5ct @tut}(, the chair. 



©Ct ©Cjjcf/ a large chair, 

also a stool. 
©ic Suj^bccfC/ the carpet, 
©cr 23or[)an3/ bie ©av* 

bine, the curtain. 

©a^ 9JiCj|"cr, the knife. 
©ic (Babdf the fork, 
©ec Scjfcl, the spoon, 
©ct (StKbffd, the table- 
spoon. 

©cr 2:(;cclbjf d / the tea- 
spoon. 

©er ^otfcgdbjfd, gtoge 
£bffc(/ the ladle, soup- 
ladle. 

©ct ScKcr, the plate. 

©ie @rf)UtTc(/ the dish. 

©a^ Scrfcn, the bason. 

©a§ ©(a§, the glass. 

©a^ 2Bcing(a§, the wine- 
glass. 

©a^ 'Sictg(a6, the beer- 
glass. 

©a^ gro^e @ia§, the 

large glass, tumbler. 
©ct Sopf/ the pot. 
©ie Sajje, cup and 

saucer. 

©a6 Sbpfd^en, the cup; 
ba^ @c^d(cl^en/ or, Un*| 
terfdE)d((^en/ the sau-j 
cer. 

©ie Sbertajje, the cup;| 
bie UntertafTe , the] 
saucer. 



VOCABULARY. 



23 



S5ic %ia\djC; (bic Bo2i' 

teille] 5 the bottle. 
$Dae Sbccicug, the tea- 



things. 



the ta- 



©a6 Sifc^tud^, 

ble-cloth. 
©a§ ScHcrtu^ , (bie >S^r- 

viette)^ the napkin. 
©a6>fi)anbtud^, the towel. 
©ae Settud), the sheet, 
©ic 9}Jatrak/ the ma- 

tress, 
©ie ©(ocfe, the bell. 
©cr @c^(ofi/ the lock, 
©ec @(^(uijc(, the kej. 
©a^ @cf)(ujycUod^, the 

key-hole. 

©tc gcucrjange, the 
tongs. 



©cr ©tcbrcr/ the poker. 
©ic @cf)aufci/ the sho\eL 
©ae Sic^t/ the candle; 

also the light. 
©ic Sampe, the lamp. 
©ae 9^acf)t(ic^t, the ni-ht- 

light, 
©cr Scud^tcr, the can- 
dle-stick. 

©ic Cic^tfc^ccrc, bic Sid^t^ 

pUl3C/ the snuffers. 
©a6 ^apijt/ the paper. 
©ic S^'bct/ the pen. 
©ic ©intc, the ink. 
©ae ©intcnfa^/ the ink* 

stand. 
©ct JBlctftift, the (black^ 
lead) pencil. 



4. Therms relating 

©ie (Spcifc, the food. 

©ct Sranf, the drink. 

©a^ ©CttdnE, the beve- 
rage. 

©as ^rot, the bread. 

©ic SSuttcr, the butter. 

©a^ SSutt^brot, bread 
and butter. 

©a§ Skif^, the flesh, 
meat. 

'pa^ gttnbff cifc^ , beef. 

©a^Jpammclflcif^, mut- 
ton ♦ 



fo J'oot? and Drink. 

©a§ Salbflcifd^, veaL 
©a^ @c^n:)cincftcifd^ , 

pork. 

©cr ©d^infcn, the ham. 
©cr ®pccf, bacon. 
©cr ^utcr, the turkey. 
©cr ^apaun, the ca- 
pon. 
©a^S ^uf)n/ the fowL 
Ranges ^uf)n , chiken. 
©ic @an^, the goose. 
©ic Sntc, the duck. 



24 



VOCABULARY. 



S)a§ ©cf(lli)c(, birds for 
the table, poultry. 

©ic 2;au6c/ the pigeon. 

©a6 dlcbl)nl)l\f the par- 
tridge. 

©ic (Sc^ncpfc, the snipe. 

©ie 2Batb[4ncpfc , the 
woodcock. 

©Ct S'^f^H/ the pheasant. 

55a§ SBUbprct, game, 
yenison. 

©cr >§a[c, th^ hare. 

®et %i\(i), th^ fish. 

©er ^arpfc, the carp. 

©ie @cf)(eit)e/ the tench. 

©cr 2ad^6, the salmon. 

S5te Sc^vcltc, the trout. 

©et ^laif the eel. 

©cr 93ar§, the perch. 

©Ct 5*f^nbcr, the floun- 
der. 

©cr ©tecFfifcfe, cod. 

©cr ©d^cllfifc^, the had- 
dock, 

©et ^te66, the craw- 
fish. 

©ct .gummct, the lob- 
ster. 

©ie StabSc/ the crab. • 

©ie Sluftet, the oyster 5 
pi. t)ie Siuftern* 

©a§ @a(jy the salt. 

©er ^fcfircr, the pep- 
per, 
©as Ddf oil. 



©cr (SffiS/ the vinegar^ 

©a§ Cicmufc, the vege- 
tables. 

©cr ©parcict, asparagus. 

©ic ivartoffcf, the pota- 
toes pi. Sartojfctm 

©cr ^oi)if the cabbage. 

©cr 23tumcnf o()( , the 

cauliflower. 

©cr®pinat, the spinage. 

©ic (Srbfc, the pea; pi. 
(Srbfcn. 

©ic 25ot)nC/ the bean: 
pi. 5Sot)nciu 

©ic 9\u6C/ the turnip. 

©ic 9J^6()rC/ the carrot, 

©ic ©urfc, the cucum- 
ber. 

©ic ^wkMf the onion. 

©cr Slcttig, the radish. 

©cr 9}iccrrctti9 , the 

horse-radish, 
©cr @a(at/ the salad. 
©ic @uppc, the soup. 
©ic )&mi)Cf bic %U\\^' 

6rubC/ the broth. 

©ic SunEc, S5ru()C (or 
Safice)j sauce, gravy. 

©ic ^aftctc, the pasty, 

©cr O^ac^tifd^, the de- 
sert. 

©a§ ©cbarfcne, the pasj 

try. 

©cr ^tof5/ ^ubbini 

the pudding. 



yOCABULARY. 



25 



©ic Zottt; the tart. 

©cr ivud^cn, the cake. 

©a^ Db)t^ the fruit. 

©cr 2(pfc(/ the apple. 

JDie 95irne, the pear. 

©ie ^irfc^C/ the cherry. 

©ic ^ftaumc, the plum. 

©ie B"^ctfcf)C/ the long 
plum, (a particular 
sort of plum, of an 
oblong shape , and 
blue colour, much 
cultivated in Germa- 
ny, but hardly known 
in England.)* 

©ic ^fiX\ii)C; the peach. 

Sic t]latre ^]3firfc^e, 9^cc= 

tarinC/ the nectarine. 
©ieStpricefe, the apricot. 
©ic Sif^^^nC/ the lemon, 
©ie 2lpfc(fine, (bie Or^72- 

^^). the orange, sweet 
orange , China orange. 

©ic ^omcranjC/ sour 
orange, Seviila oran- 

©ic 9}lanbc(, the almond. 

©ie ©rbbccrC/ the strawy- 
berry; pi. Srb6ccrcn* 

©ic x^imbcere, the rasp- 
berry. 



©ic 93iau(6ccte, the mul- 
berry. 

©ic @tad)c(6ccrc/ the 

gooseberry, 
©ic Sj^f^^nniebccvC/ the 

currant. 

©ic 2BcintraubC/ tic 

Srdubc/ the grape, 
©ic Saftanic/ the ches- 

nut. 
©ic dlix^y the nut: pi. 

bic DBlJc. 
©ic SBaUnujl, the wal- 

nut. 
©a§ aSviiJcr, the water. 
©a^ aSicV/ the beer, 
©cr SBcin, the Vvine. 
©cr OvhciniDcin ^ Hhe- 

nish vine, 
©cr ^^anjivciH/ French 

wine. 
©cv^l3unfcl)/ the punch, 
©ct 23ranntipcin, the 

brandy, 
©cr SbcC/ the tea. 
©cr ^a^cc/ the coffee. 

©cr S^rf^'^*/ the sugar. 
©a§ 5'riii;[tucf/ the bi eak- 
fast. 

©a§ 9}Zitta()6C)Jcn , )Sliu 
taiyimal)i/ the dinner. 



* It is sometimes to be met wilh in Covent-Garden 
Marker, under the name of pru/ic-pLum, 



28 



yOCABULABT. 



©tcijJSicrtcIftunben, three 

quarters of an hour, 
©ie 9}linute, the minute, 
©ic ©CCUnbC/ the second. 



©ct StugcnbUcE , the 

twinkling of an eye. 
the moment, the in- 
stant. 



7. Some Adjectives and Verbs. 



©ro^, great, big, large, 
^(cin, little, small, 
©irf , thick, 
©unn, thin. 
Sang, long. 

^mjsr short. 
gSvcit, broad. 
@^ma(/ narrow. 
2Bcit, wide, 
^ett , light, 
©unfd/ dark. 

engc, tight. 

9U>tt), red. 

@ct6 / yellow. 

Stau, blue. 

©run, green. 

@cbn)ar5, black. 

aSci^/ white. 

©ut, good. 

@cf)k(^t, bad. 

@d)6n, fine, beautiful. 

4)ub[d^, pretty, 
©avftig , nasty. 

THE EISD. 



giiebUc^/ neat, nice, 
©efc^wlnb, quick. 
Sangfam, slow, 
gtcifcn, to travel. 
©ct)cn/ to go, to walk. 
Sabrcn, to more by 
means of a carriage. 
Sicitcn, to ride on horse- 
back. 
SaufcH/ to run. 
©tcben, to stand. 
Stcgcn, to lie down, 
jpolcn, to fetch. 
^vingcn, to bring. 
@pic(cn, to play. 
Sefcn, to read. 
@cf)rci6cn, to write. 
@rf)ncibcn, to cut. 
Sa^cn, to laugh. 
Sdc^eln, to smile. 
aBcinen, to cry. 
@prcrf)cn / to speak. 
Dicbcn, to talk. 



THE ALPHABET. 



Characters. 

93b 

ec 

5f 

$i r 

3(?n 

Oo 

£)-q 

St 
Uu 
«t) 

3C;c 

35 



Signification. 

A a 

Bb 

Cc 

Dd 

Ee 

Ff 

Gg 

Hh 

li 

Jj # 

Kk 

LI 

Mm 

Nn 

Oo 

Pp 

Qq 
Rr 

Sfs 

Tt 

U u 

Vv 

Ww 

Xx 

Z z 



Name. 

All* 
Beyf 
Tseyf 
Deyi* 

Eyt 
Ef 

Geyt or gay 

Hau* 

E 

Yot 

Kau* 

El 

Em 

En 



Peyt 

Koo 

Err 

Ess 

Teyf 

Oo 

Fou 

Veyt 

Iks 

Yp silo 11 

Tset 



*To be sounded less broad than tin; English au gene- 
rally isj somewhat like that In aunt. 

fThat sound of pj is meant, whlcli is heard in the 
;)rononn thej^. 



28 



VOGABULABT. 



©tcijJSicrtcffi-unbcn/ three 

quarters of an hour. 

©ic dJlinnUf the minute. 

©ie@ecunbC/ the second. 



©et StugcnblicP, the 

twinkling of an eve. 
the moment, the in- 
stant. 



7. Some Adjectives and Verbs* 



©ro^/ great, big, large. 
Skin, little, small, 
©icf, thick. 
®unn/ thin. 
Sang, long. 

^urj, short. 
93rcit/ broad. 
©Carnal, narrow. 
SBcit, wide. 
Jg)cl(/ light. 
JDunPct/ dark, 
©ngc, tight. 

9U>t()/ red. 
©clb, yellow. 
23(au, blue, 
©run, green. 
©dbtDarj, black. 
ffSei^, white, 
©ut, good. 
@c^(cdE)t, bad. 
@cf)6n/ fine, beautiful. 
^ajj(id), ugly, 
^^ubfd), pretty, 
©avfticj, nasiy. 



O^iebH^, neat, nice. 

©cfd^tDinb, quick. 

Sangfam, slow. 

gflcifcn, to travel. 

©ct)en/ to go, to walk. 

S^cibrcn, to more by 
means of a carriage. 

Stcitcn, to ride on horse- 
back. 

Saufcn, to run. 

©tcben, to stand. 

Sicqcn / to lie down. 

^okn, to fetch. 

^vingcn, to bring. 

@pic(cn, to play. 

i^cfen, to read. 

®cf)rct6en/ to write. 

©cl^ncibcn/ to cut. 

Sac[)cn/ to laugh. 

Sdcf)c(n/ to smile. 

SBeincn, to cry. 

@prcct)cn/ to speak. 

Siebcn, to talk. 



THE EKD, 



TIIE ALPHABET. 



Characters. 

2ia 

- %f 
®9 
-&& 
Si 

Sj 

•^» I, 

mn 

Co 

9tr 

Zt 
Uu 

SB w 

35 



I 

*To be sounded 1 
rally is; somen liat 

fThat sound of 
pi'onoun ther. 



Signification. 

A a 
Bb 
Cc 
Dd 
Ee 
Ff 

Gg 
Hh 
li 

Kk 
LI 

Mm 
Nn 
Oo 
Pp 

Qq 
Rr 

Sfs 

Tt 

U u 

Vv 
Ww 

Xx 

Yy 
Z z 



Name. 
All* 
Bey-J- 
Tseyf 
Dey-j- 
Eyt 
Ef 

Geyf or gay 
Hau* 
E 

Yot 
Kau* 
El 
Em 
En 
O 

Peyf 
Koo 
Err 
Ess 
Teyf 
Oo 
Fou 
Veyf 
Iks 

Ypsilon 
Tset ~ 

Englisli au gene- 



ess broad than th«3 

like that in aunt, 

ej is meant, wjjicii is heard in the 



Diphthon^Sj etc. 



Diphthongs 


1 

• 




Pronunciation. 


'^tf a 


like the long English a 


Dc, ♦ ♦ • . 






like Uj in dullj gull 


Ue, ii ♦ ♦ ♦ . 






resembling ee -^ 


Sli, ax, or at) < 






like the long English i 


Si, ei, or et) . 






like the long English i 


£){, oi . ♦ . 






like oi 


Ui, \x\ ♦ ♦ . 






resembling ee 


2(«, au ♦ ♦ < 






resembling ou 


Sleu, au • . . 






resembling oi 


eu, cu ♦ . < 






resembling oi 


it 

Double Characters. 


Name. 


ff. ff 


ef — ef 


cb, ch 


tsej — hau 


cf, ck 


tsey — kau 


ff, ff 


ess — ess 


^,f» 


ess — tset 


It/ ft 


ess— tey 


%, z 




1 


tey — tset 



Declension of the Articles, 

THE ARTICLES. 



Definite Article. 

Singular. 

Masc. Fern. Kent, ' 

j Nominative Der, Die, Dad^ the (man, woman, etc.) 

j Genitive X)e^, Der, De^, of the 

\ Dative ^em, Ser, Dent, to the 

Accusative Den, Die, Dad, the 



*- 



Plural. 

Nom. t>\t 1 

Gen. Der f the (men, women etc,) 

Dat. Dent ^^r all genders. 

Ace. X^i^ ) 

Indefinite Article. 

Singular. 

Masc. Fera. Neut. 

Nom. (Jin, (Fine, Q'xn, a (man, woman, etc.) 

Gen. Sined, (Finer, (iimi, of a 

Dat. ^inem, (Finer, (Finem, to a 

Ace. ^inen, (iinz, (Fin, a 

No Plural. 

1* 



The Gender, 



THE GENDER. 

) 

I. Of the Masculine Gender j are: 

1. All male names, and appellations, diminutives ex- 
cepted. 

2. The name of God. 

3. The names of angels; and of evil spirits. 

4. The names of the winds, of the seasons, of months, 
and days. 

5. The names of stones. 

6. -All words ending in ing^ and ling, 

IL Oj^ the Feminijie Gender j are : 

Ik 

1. All female names, and appellations: except dimi- 
nutives 5 and ba^ 2Beib, the woman, or wife^ t^^ %XC^,\Xtt\' 

simmer, a lady. 

^. The names of fruits, and flowers 5 except bet 
51pfe(, the apple 5 and some words talien from other 
languages, as fca^ ©eranium, the geranium. 

3. The names of rivers 5 except, tcr 5iniO, ber5IrnO, bev 

Dnjeper, berDnjejler, ber Don, ber Douro, ber^bro, ber(5u- 
pl;rat ber 3nn, ber 2ecb, ber SD^ain, ber 5Ktn^o, ber 5^ecfer, 
ber ^T\\, ber ^o, ber S^^ein, ber 3^ubico, ber Xejo, ber Xtger. 

4. All words ending in ei, ey, heit, keitj schaft, ucht, 
unft ^ ung , nth: except, ber ^XZX) , the pap, pulpj brt$ 
(EX^, the egg; ba^ ©efc^rep, the clamour 5 ber ©cf)aft, the 
wooden part of a spear, or gun; ber ©]Jrun9r the leap; 
ber |)CC^mut^, haughtiness. 



The Gender, 5 

III. Of the Neuter Gendre, are : 

1. The letters of the alphabet. 

2. The names of metals: except, bie ^(atitta, platinaj 

ber ©ta^(, steel; ber Xombacf, pinchbecli; ber 3inF, zink. 

3. The names of countries, and places: except, bje 
©c^weij/ Switzerland; bie ^fafj, the Palatinate; and 
those ending in ey^ as, t\z XurFeP/ Turkey. 

4. AH diminutives. 

5. The infinitive moods, when used substantively. 

6. All other words , not being substantives , when, 
for some particular reason , they are accompanied by 
the article. 

7. The words ending in thum: except, ber 3^^^&Wm, 
error; ber 3?eicW^um, riches. 



DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTR ES. 

There are Four Declensions of nouns substantive. 

The First Declension. 

RULES. 

1. To te first declension belong all words of the 
feminine gender. 

2. The termination of the singular number remains 
i unaltered, in all the cases. 

3. The plural is made by certain additions to the 
termination of the singular, namely, of 

iV, throughout all the cases, if the singular end 
in e, ely er. 



6 



Declension of Substantives, 



E/iy if it end in any vowel, but e: or in any con- 
sonant ; with the exception of monosyllabic words, 
and the terminations el, and er. 
JS^, in monosyllables, ending with a consonant; 
for all cases, excepting the dative, which has en, 
4. The plurals of bU SRutter, the mother, and tie 
^Ocftter, the daughter, are different from those of other 
words: viz. nom. gen. ace, 5Kutter, Xoc^ter ; dat. SKut- 

tern, Xoc^tern. 

EXAMPLES. 



Singular. 

Nom. X)ie@(^a(e, the saucer 
Gen. ber (B^aU, of the 
Dat. ber (Bdfak, to the 
Ace. tic @cib<tle, the saucer 

Nom. Die ©abef, the fork 
Gen. ber ©abel, of 
Dat. ber Q^abel to 
Ace. tic &atel, the fork 

Nom. Die %ctier, the pen 
Gen. ber S^ber, of 
Dat. ber geber, to 

Ace. tU ^etcv, the pen 

Nom. Die Sr<^U, the woman 
Gen. ber %vau, of 
Dat. ber %ratt, to 

Ace. tic SraU/ the woman 



Plural. 

n added. 
N. Die @C^a(en, the saucers 

G. ber @d)a(en, of 
D. ben @d)a(en/ to 
A. tic ©d)a(en, the saucers 

N. T^ic ©abeltt, the forks 

G. ber ®abe(n, of 

D. ben &abe{n, to 

A. tic ©abein, the forks 

N. Die ^ctcvn, the pens 
G. ber Scbern/ of 
D. ben Sebern, to 
A. tic gebern, the pens. 

en added. 
N. T)ic Sraiien, the women 

G. ber grauen, of 
D. ben ^vaucn, to 
A. tic Srauen, the women 



First Declension, 



Singular* 
i 

Nom. Die ^offnung, the hope 

Gen. ber •C^^ffnw"^/ ^^ 
Dat. ber |)offnun9, to 
Ace. bie|)offnun9, the hope 

Nom. Die |)anb/ the hand 

Gen. ber $anb, of 
Dat. ber |)anb/ to 

1 Ace. bie |)anb, the hand 

IVom. Die D^Otb, the necessity 
Gen. ber D^^ot^, of 
Pat. ber '^Qi\^, to 

Ace, bie D^Otl;, the necessity 

Nom. Die SfUC^t the fruit 
Gen. ber Sruct)t, of 
Dat. ber Sriidjt to 
Ace. t\z gruc^t the fruit 

Nom. Die Jaujl, the fist 
Gen. ber S^ujl, of 
Dat. ber S^uff/ to 
Ace. bie Saiifr, the fist 

Nom. Die5D(Utter,themother 
Gen. ber 5iJIutter, of 
I Dat. ber SD'turter, to 
i Ace. bie 2)?Utter, the mother 



Plural. 

en added. 

N. T}\z ^offnungen, the hopes 
G.ber |)offniin9en, of 
D.ben |)offnun9en, to 
A. bie t)i^ffnwn9en, the hopes 

t added. 
N. l^k ^dnbe, the hands 
G. ber $dnbe, of 
D. tzn ^anben, to 
A. txii, ^dnbe, the hands 

N. Die 5^6t^e, the necessities 

G. ber ^ii\)t, of 

D. ben 5^6t^en, to 

A. bie 5^6t()e, the necessities 

N. Die 5ruct)te, the fmits 
G. ber grud^te, of 
D. ben grud)ten, to 

A. t'xz gruc()te, the fruits 

N. Tik Sdujle, the fists 
G. ber gdujle, of 
D. ben gdujlen, to 
A. I'xz Sdujle, the fists. 

irregular* 
N. Die9}tUtter, the mothers 

G. ber 5Dlutter, of 

D.'ben SDtuttern, to 

A. bie 5Kutter, the mothers 



8 Declension of Substantives. 

Singular. Plural. 

irregular, 
Norn. X)ie Xoc^ter^ the daughter N. Die X6c^ter,the daughters 

Gen. ber Xod^ter, of G.ber Xod^ter, of 

Dat. ber Xodl)ter, to D.ben Xoc^tern, to 

Ace. tie Xoc^ter^ the daughter A. txz Xoc^ter, the daughters 

OBSERVATIONS. 

1. The dative case plural ends always with the letter 
n: it does so in all declensions. 

2. In those words, wich from the nom. gen. ace. 
plural in e, the vowels a, 0/ \X, and the diphthong Q^Vi, 
in the first syllables, are, in that number, changed 
into a, 0, \X, and m, 

3. The following monosyllables, though ending in 
consonants, have the plural in en: Die %xXf the kindj 
bie SSa^^n, the career 5 V\Z SSap, the bay) \i\z SSirn, the 
pear 5 t\z S5rut, the brood; bie S8ltcl)t, an opening in the 
land, a bay; t'xz (^^ur, the election; "^'xz ^ur, the cure; 
'tXZ Dim, the damsel; \iXZ Jal^rt, the conveyance; bie 
glur, the field, plain; "txz ^WX"^, the flood; \iXZ gortlt, 
the form; txz %XQk^X, the freight; \iXZ ^\\xX\i, a vehement 
fire; bie %0<^^, the chace ; bie 2ajl, the burthen; "tXZ 2ijl, 
cunning, deceit; 't'x^ 5D?rtrlP, the boundary, and a species 
of coin; Vxz ^flid)t, the duty; txz ^Ojl, the post, post- 
office; XiXZ ^racf)t, pomp; bie £lua(, the torment; t^xz 
©cftaar, the crowd, troop; txz ©C^Ulcbt the battle; 'tX^ 
©C^rift, the writing; "t'xz @C^U(b, the debt; 'tXZ @pur, 
the trace, track; \iXZ ©tirit, the forehead; 't'xz X^CiX, 
the deed; bie X^Mr. the door; \iX^ Xrac^t, the mode of 



Second Declension, 9 

dress 5 tie Srift, the pasture; bie WifX, the clock, the 
watch 5 bie 2Bal^l, the choice; bie 2Be(t, the world; bie 
3a(>(, the number; bie 3^it, the time; bieSi^'^/ t^® 
ornament. 

The Second Declension. 

RULES. 

1. To the second declension belong all those words 
I of the masculine and neuter gender, which end in el, 
lent, en, er; and those of the neuter gender, which 
: end in e, 

2. In the singular, the terminations of the dative, and 
accusative, are the same as that of the nominative. In 

, the genitive, the letter s is added. 

3. In the plural, all the cases are like the nomina- 
tive singular, except the dative, to which n is added. 
Words, ending in en, do not require that additional 
letrre. 

EXAMPLES. 
Singular. Plural. 

Nom. Der|)immef, the heaven N. X)te|)i'mme[, the heavens 

Gen. U^ $tmme(6, of G. ber |)tmme(, of 

Dat. Um ^imme(, to D. tm |)imme(n, to 

Ace. bent)intme(, the heaven A. bie |)immel/ the heavens 

Nom. X)er 51t^em, the breath N. Die 5lt&em,t the breaths 

JGen. be6 m\)mi, of G. ber ^t^em, of 

iDat. t^tn 5lt^em, to D. ben 5lt^em, to 

Acc. ben 5ltf)em, the breath A. bie 5ltf^em, the breaths 

fThe plural of this word is not used: but it is here 
given, to show, how such words would be declined, 
in that number. 



10 



Declension of Substantives. 



Singular. 

Nom. Da^ SSecfen, the basin 
Gen. t)ed ^ecfeiid, of 
Dat. bem 25ecfen, to 
Ace. ba^ ^ecfen, the basin 

Nom. X)er@arten,the garden 
Gen. ted ©artend, of 
Dat. bent ©arten, to 
Ace. ben ©arten, the garden 

Nom. Der ^ogef, the bird 
Gen. bed 35ogefd, of 
Dat. bent SSogef, to 
Ace. ben SSogel, the bird 

Nom. Der 35ruber, the brother 
Gen. bed ^Bruberd, of 
Dat. bent S5ruber, to 
Ace. ben $8ruber,the brother 

Nom. '^a^ ©ebirge, the 

mountain 

Gen. tiz% ©ebirged, of 
Dat. bent ©ebirge, to 
Ace. bad ©efcirge, the moun- 
tain 



Plural. 

N. Die 33ecfen, tjie basins 

G. ber SBecfen, of 

D. ben Secfen, to 

A. bie 35ecfen, the basins 

N. Die ©drten, the gardens 
G. ber ©drten, of 
D. ben ©arten, to 

A. bie ©drten, the gardens 

N. Die SBoger, the birds 
G. ber ^ml of 
D. ben SS6ge(n, to 

A. t'xz SSdgef, the birds 

N. Die SBruber, the brothers 

G. ber SBruber, of 

D. t>tn 58rubern, to 

A. txz SBruber, the brothers 

N. X)\t ©ebirge, the moun- 
tains 

G. ber ©ebirge, of 

D. tzn ©ebirgen, to 

A. txz ©ebirge, the moun- 
tains 



OBSERVATIONS* 

1. The dative plural ends with the letter n, 

2. The following words change the vowels a, t, U, 
of their first syllables, in the plural number, into the 
diphthongs d, i, u: Der 5lpfct the applet ber ^Ckmmtl, 



I Third Dtc/eiision, 11 

I a wether, a sheep 5 t>er ^an^e(, an affair, a transaclion^ 
j ter 5i)?ange[, thedefcer; fcer5Dcante(, the mantle 5 ter^^abef, 

' the navel; bcr^attef, the saddle; ber (2ct)nabe(, the beak, 

I ■ 9 

I ter 3SogeI/ the bird; — Der gaben, the thread; ber @rrt« 
ben, the ditch; ter ©arten, the garden; fcer «&afen, the 
harbour; bcr Srtten, the shop (it also signifies a window 
shutter — then the vowel is not altered); — Ser 5Icfer, 

a field, an acre; fcer 35ruter, the brother; ber |)ammer, 
I the hammer; fcer ^ac^ter, the farmer; fcer ©c^noager, the 
I sister's husband; fcer SSater, the father. These have, in 
■ the plural, ^epfel, ©drten, S8rufcer, and so forth. 
! 3. All diminutives belong to this declension. They 

commonly end in chen; but sometimes in lein. See the 

Grammar, p. 133. 

4. These words take and additional ?i, in all the cases 

of the plural number: Z)Ct 3Baier, the Bavarian; fcer 
I^Bauer, the peasant; fcer^antoffel, the slipper; fcer @tacbe(, 

the sting; fcer ^Setter, a male relation; fca^ ^uge, the eye; 

fca^ (Jnfce, the end — Plural, fSaietn, Sauern, $antoffe(n, 
©trtc^elrtr SSettern, Slugen, ^nfcen. 

The Third Declension. 

RULES. 

1. To the third declension belong all the masculines 
in e and st, of more than one syllable. Besides these, 
also some others, of different terminations: and among 
them one neuter, fca^ t>^^h ^^^^ heart, 

2. From the nominative singular all the other easesy 
in both numbers, are made, by the addition of n, when 



12 



Declension of Substantives. 



the word ends in e (or ar^ err)^ and of en, when it 
ends in st (or some other consonant). 

3. Sometimes the genitive singular receives the acces- 
sion of 5, so as to terminate in ns^ or ens* 



EXAMPLES. 



Singular. 

Nom. Der ^nahe, the boy 
Gen. be^ ^naben, of 
Dat. bem ^naUn, to 
Ace. tm ^naben, the boy 



Plural. 

W. Die ^naben, the boys 
G. ter ^naben, of 
D. ben ^naben, to 
A. ti^ ^naben, the boys 



Nom. Der -^err, the lord, 

or master 

Gen. bed |)errn, of 
Dat. bent $errn, to 
Ace. ten '5)errn/ the master 



N. Die ^errn, or Ijerren, 

the masters 

G. ber |)errn, of 
D. ben |)errn, to 
A. tit ^evtn, the masters 



Nom. Der Santafl, a fanciful 
man 

Gen. bed gantaflen, of 
Dat. bem gantaften, to 
Ace. ten gantajlen/ a fanci- 
ful man 



N. Die 5<^ntaj!en, fanciful 

men 

G. ber S^ntrtjlen, of 
D. Un Santajlen. to 

A. tie gantrtjleU/ fanciful 

men 



Kom. Der Surijl, the lawyer 
Gen. bed ^uti^en, of 
Dat. tern 5uri|!en, to 
Ace. ben3uri(len,thelawyer 



N. Die Suriflen, the lawyers 

G* ber ^nvi\ten, of 

D. ben Sw^ift^tt/ *o 

A. bie Su^^il^en, the lawyers 



Third Declension, 13 

Singular. Plurah 

Nom. ^er DKenfc^, the man, N. t5ie 5fJ{enfcl)en, men 

the human being 

Gen. be^ aJtenfcbcn, of G. ter aJIenfc^en, of 

Dat. bent 5!KenfcI)cn, to D. ben ^^Wenfc^en, to 

Ace. Izn 5Kenfc^en, the man A. bie SD^enfc^en, men 

Kom. ^a^ $erj, the heart N. Die ^erjen, the hearts 

Gen. be^ |)erjen^, of G. ber |)ersen, of 

Dat. bent -^erjen, to D. ben -^ersen, to 

Ace. brt6 ^ZXl/^ the heart A. tixz |)erjen, the hearts 

OBSERVATION. 

The following words belong to the third declension : 

X)er 5Ibt)Dfat, the advocate 5 ber SSarbar, the barbarian 5 
ber SSajlIi^^ the basilisk 5 ber 5Ircf)ite!t, the architect^ ber 
S5runn, the well (also, ber 55runnen, after the second) 5 
iber SSuc^jlab, the letter, or character of the alphabet 5 
ber Sanierab, the comrade; ber (Janbibat, the candidate; 
iber (5atf)0lif, the Roman Catholic; ber S^rijl, the chris- 
tian; ber ©(ientr the client; ber (^orrefponbent, the corre- 
spondent; ber ^mm, the thumb (better, ber '^mmzn, 

second); ber Docejlt, the teacher, lecturer; ber Ducat, a 
species of coin; ber Slep^ant, the elephant; ber ge(^, the 

• 

jroclt (also ber Selfen, second declension); ber ^ixx^^ the 
prince; ber @ecf, a ridiculous man; ber @enO^, the as- 
sociate; ber ®efeK, the companion; ber ®raf, the count; 
ber Ijagejlotj, a bachelor, an unmarried man; ber $afunf, 
jthe scoundrel; ber 'f)eibucf, a sort of footman; ber ^e(b, 

*The accusative is lilte the nominative. This circum- 
stance, in nouns of the neuter gender, seems to be 
peculiar to all languages, which vary the terminations, 
lin declension. 



J4 Declension oj Suhstantiues. 

the hero 5 t)er |)err, the lord, or master; t)er ^XXX, the' 
herdsman; bcr |)ufar, the hussar; tier Sanitfd)ar, the;i 
janizary; ter Snfag, the inmate; ber 5Dlen% man, a hu- 
man being; ter^JtOfjr, the moor, or negro ; ber SOtOnard), 
the monarch; bcr 5^arr, the fool; ter Dcl}^, the oxj 

ber ^aragrapl^, the paragraph; ber T3atriarcl), the patri-p 
arch; ber ^friem, the awl (also, ber <}3friemen, after the 
second); ber <pt?t(ofop&, the philosopher; ber ^oet, the 
poet; ber ipotentat, the potentate; ber ^rvifibent the pre-l 
sident; ber ^rdlat, the prelate; ber ^rinj, the prince ;|i 
ber ^fa(m, the psalm: ber @d)en!, the cupbearer, butler, 
(also after the fourth) ; ber (5d)merj, the pain (more com- 
monly after the fourth^); ber @d)Dp^, the dunce (also 
after the fourth); ber ©olbat, the soldier; ber ©tU^ 
bent, the student; ber X()eol09. the theologian; ber X^Or,i 
a silly person (to be distinguished from \>(xi VCj^X, the| 
gate); ber Xropf, a simpleton (to be distinguished from 
ber Xropf/ of the fourth, which signifies a drop); ber 
Xprann, the tyrant; ber 3Sorfa&r, the ancestor; ber 3^cf, 
any thing pointed, and projecting. Add some deri- 
vatives, ending in it: as, ber 5lbamit, a descendant of 
Adam; ber Sefuit, a Jesuit. And tfie appellatives of 

some nations: as, ber ^dmucf, ber ^ofact, ber ^roat, ber 
yX\)\<x% etc* 

The Fourth Declension. 

RULES. 

1. All words of the masculine , and neuter gender, 
which are not included in the second and third declcn. 
sions, must be referred to the fourth. 



Fourth Declension, 15 



2. In the singular number, the genitive case is form- 
ed by the addilion of es to the nominative; the dative 
hy that of e; the accusative remains Jilie the nomi- 
native. 

3. Most words have the nominative, genitive, accu- 
sative, of the plural, in e; the dative in en, 

I 4. Several neuters, especially those of one syllable, 
land a few masculines, substitute er, in the dative em, 
]in the plural. 

\ 5. In the genitive singular, s alone is sometimes aded, 
■(instead of es^ and the final e of the dative omitted. 

I 

6. Many words change the vowels a, 0, U, and the 
I diphthong c^\X , in their prior syllables, for the plural, 
into a, 0, U, ail. 

EXAMPLES. 
Singular. Plural. 



V 



m e 



Nom. t)er Xifd), the table N. X)\z Xtfc^e, the tables 

Gen. fce^ 2:ifct)e^, of G. ter Xifc^e, of 

Dat. tern Xifdje, to D. ben Xifdjen, to 

Ace. ben Xifcb, the table A. bie Xifdje, the tables 

JNom. Da^ ®efei|^ the law N. '^xz @efc|e, the laws 

|Gen. tzi ®efe|e^, of G. ber ©efe^e, of 

bat. bent ©efei^e, to D. ben ©efe^en, to 

'JAcc. bai @efe§, the law A. txz ®efe|e, the laws 

Pfom. Der ©ol^n, the son N. ^ie @6^ne, the sons 

JGen. bed (aot)tted, of G. ber ©o&ne, of 

Pat. bem ©o()ne, to D. ben ©o^nen, to 

!Aec. ben @0()n/ the 6on A. t>Xt @6^n^/ the sons 



16 



Declension of Substantvves. 



Singular. 



Norn, ^er 58aum, the tree 
Gen. fce^ S5aume§r of 
Dat. bem SSaume, to 
Ace. ben $8aum, the tree 

Norn, ^er @ei(l:. the ghost 
Gen. bc^ ©eipe^, of 
Dat. bcm ©eijle, to 
Ace. ten ®eijl, the gost 

Nom. ^a§ ^inb, the child 

Gen. be^ ^inbe^, of 
Dat. Izm ^inbe, to 

Ace. ba§ ^inb, the child 
Nom. ^er 5!Jlann , the man 
Gen. be^ 5lKanne4, of 
Dat. t)zm ^Olanne, to 
Ace ben 9Kann, the man 
Nom. Da^ SSurf), the book 
Gen. be^ 58uAe6, of 
Dat. bent 5Buct)e, to 
Ace. t(k^ S5UC^. the book 



Plural. 

in e ) 
N. Sie SSaume, the trees » 
G. ber SSdume, of ^ 

D. ben 58dumen, to ) 

A. bie $8aume, the trees 

^. in er 

N. Die ©eifter, the ghosts 

G. ber ©eifter, of 

D. ben ©eijlern, to 

A. l'\z ©eifler, the ghosts 

N. ^ie ^tnber, the children 

G. ber ^inber, of 

D. Uxi ^inbern, to 

A. t'xz ^inber, the children 

N. £)ie SKdnner, the men 
G. ber SWdnner, of 
D. ben 5D?dnnern, to 
A. bie Scanner, the men 
N. ^ie S5uc^er, the books 
G. ber S5ud)er, of 
D. ben SBuc^ern, to 
A. bie SBiic^er, the books 



I 






w 

I 
If 



^f 



1 

i 
ii 



\ 



OBSERVATIONS. 

1. The following words have the plural in er, (1) 
Of the masculine gender: ^er ©Ott, a god, a heathen 

idol 5 ©eijl, |)unb«fott, S^rt^um, 2eib, ^(kxm, ^anb, 3Jei*- 

t^um, SSormunb, 5Balb. (2) Of the neuter gender : ^ai 

5(a^, (pi. 5lefer). Slltert^um, 5lmt 5ludenlieb, S5ab, ^Wl, 
^mm, SSlatr, S3ret, SSu*, 2)a*, ^orf, erjM^t^um, 



!i 



I 



Fourth Declension, 17 

S^, gad), 5a§, Selb/ Surj!entr;um, @e(b, ©ernac^, ©ernut^, 
©efpenjl, ©efc^fec^t, @(a$, ©lieb, ©rab, @ra4, @ut, t^^upt, 
-t^au^, -^erjogt^um, ^o(j, |)0^pital, |)u^n, ^a(b^ ^\nt), 
m^\\>, ^raut, 2amm, £ict)t, 2iet), Soct), SKaur, ba5 5!JJenfc^ 
(a bad woman) 5 5^ejl, ^fanb, 3tab, ategiment; ba^ ©ct)ilb 

(the sign of an inn, or of a shop) 5 ©c&(0§, ©C^mert 

©pital, Z^al 25o(f, 3Bamm§, Sffieib. ^a^ 5!Kaf)(, the act 

of tailing food, the meal, and its compound, brt^ @ajl* 
ma^l; likewise ba^ 5i)Jal^I, the marlt, sign, wits the com- 
pounds, ^enFma^f, @ra6ma()(, SKerfma^l, commonly talie 

er, in the plural, but also e. 

2. All those, which form the plural in er, change, 
in that number , the vowels a, 0, U, and the diphthong 

au, into a, 0, u, au: as, SUJcinn, pi. SUlanner; 2oc^ pi. 
Soccer; S5uc^, pl. 58udf)er; |)a«^, pl. ^mS^x. But many 

words, whose plural ends in e, also undergo that change. 
They are: (1) Masculines, ^er 51a(, pl. 5lele; ber 

5lbt, pl. 5lebte; ber 5lbbrucf, pl. 5l6bvucfe; ber Slltar, pl. 
^(tdre; 5lnfang, pl. Slnfange; SIntrag, 5Irjt, 5(jl, 5luftrag, 
5lu5brucf, ^u^gang, 55ac^, S5a(g, S3ad, 5Banb, (the volume 
of a bool(), sBart, S5a^, SBaudy, ^mm, S5if*of , S5(ocf, 
SSocf, SSranb, ^rauc^, S5ruc^, SSufd); ^anah pl. Sand(e; 
gajlettan, pl.(JajleKdne; g^oraf, pl. g^ordfe ; ^amm,^ampf, 
Sarm, ^iebjla^I, ^unjl, ^inbrucf, ©influ^, Singang, ^M, 
%\mi g(o&, g(ucf), grug, g(ug, grofcfi, guci^^, gunb, guf, 
gang, ©ajl, @au(, ®ebra«d), ©eruc^, ©efang, ©raS, ©runb, 
©uf, |)a^n, |)a(^, |)of, |)ut ^a^rt, ^ampf, ^<xx% ^auf, 
|^au§, ^(ang,^(of, ^(o§, ^nopf. ^oc^, ^orb, ^rctmpf, ^ran|. 
|«ropf,^rug, «uf, 2a$, Sauf, SDlarft SiKarfc^; 5D?arf*att, pl. 

1 5!J?arf(^dUe ; 50f orajl, pl. 5»?ord(le ; 3?a*f*ug, S^apf ; <})aaajl. 

I- 

p 



28 Declension of Substanthes. 






\ 



pi. qjattafte; ^abjl; ^aflor, pi. T)aft6re; q)a$, ^flocf. T3fl«9.6 
!p(a§; ^ofal, pi. ^ofdle; ^ropjl, ^uff, 5Ranft, 5Ranf, SRat^,:? 
JRaum, SRrtufd), 3iocf, ^umpf ; ®aa(, pi. i&a(e; ©acf, ®aft,J 
©arg, @a§, @aum, @cl)acl)t, ©c^aft, ©djalF, ©cbatt, ©*a$iijl 
©ct)aum, ©cl)(af(the temple of the head), ®ct)(ag, ©d)(au(^/ 
@cl)lunb, ©d)Iu^. ©cl)mau§; ©djoof, pi. ^^i^^\ ©cl)opf,|3 
©djranf, ©ct)urj, ©cbu^, (Bd)n[)amm , ©djnoan, ©c!}n)anf,|l 
(&c^wans,©c^«)arm®cl)rt)un9,@*«Jur;@clbilfct)ui©o()n,©pag 

©pruc^, ©prung, ©punt, ©tab, ©taU. ©trtmm,©tanb,©tocf, 
©tord), ©to^, ©trang, ©traud), ©trau^, ©trom, ©trumpf, 
©tu^l, ©turs, ©turm, ©umpf, Xanj, Xf)urm,Xon (the tone^jj 
sound), Xopf,Xranf, Xraum,Xrog, Xrumpf, Umjlanb, 35ogt,i) 
SSor^ang, 25orratl), 5Borfcl)(ag, S5orfct)uf, SSortrag, SSorwanb^p 
SBatt, SBanff, SBeinjtocf, SBolf, 2Bu(ft, 2Bunf*, 5Curf, 2Burm,|j 
3a^n, 3aum, 3ctun, 3ott (toll), 3opf, 3u9. 3uftanb, 3«t)ang. 
(2) Neuters: X)a« Olrfenat, pi. 5lrfend(e; ba^ SSoot, pl.|j 
qSote (also SSoote); ba§ (^^or; ba$ glof, pi. glofe. \ 

3. Several words of this declension, have the plnrall 
in en: as, Der 5lffect, the affection of the mind, passion, 

pi. 5lffecten ; ber 5lfpect the aspect, pi. Olfpecten; ber Dia--i 
mant, (or, ^emant) the diamond, pi. ^irtmanten ; t^xi Snfcct, 
pi. Jnfecten; baeSeib, the suffering, misfortune, pi. Seiben; 
ber 5^ad)bar, the neighbour, pi. 9?ad)barn; bad D(^r, the 
ear, pi. £)&ren ; ber £iue(I, the source, pi. £iueUen; ber 
©c^merj, the pain, pi. ©cl)menen ; ber ©ee, the lake, pi. 
©een; ber ©porn, the spur, pi. ©pornen; ber ©taat, the 

state, pi. (B>i<xaizn\ ber ©tra^jl, the ray, or beam, pl.i 

©tra^Ien; ber Ungar, the Hungarian, pi. Ungarn; berj 
3ierratb/ the ornament, pi. 3ierrat()en. 

4. Some words have different endings, in the plural, j 



Fourth Declension. 19 

I 

I 

according to which they vary their signification. (1) E^ 

and en: ^Ai 25ett, the bed, pi. tiz ^zUz^ the beds — ^te 

SBctteri/ the parts composing the inside of a bed, the 

bedding; ba^ (Btucf, the piece, pi. tie ©tucfe, the pieces 

(sometimes tie©tucfer) — bie©tiicfen (but also ©tucfe) pie- 

jces of artillery. (2) E, en, er: ^ai 25anl), the band, 

i ligament, ribbon — pi. bie Sanbe (SSanben?) the bonds, 

fetters — tie 35dnber, the ribbons; ba^ ^tna, the thing — 

|pl. tk ^inge, the things, in a general sense — bie dinger, 

1 individual things; ttt ^OVtl, the thorn — pi. tie ^Ortten, 

, the thorns, in general — tiz Corner, the single thorns, 

the prickles; ta^ @e(Tct)t, the sight, the vision, the face 

! — pi. bie ©eflc^te, the visions, the sights — bie ®ejicl)ter, 

I the faces; ta^ ^Orit, the horn — pi. bie -^orne, species, 

I or kinds, of that substance — bie Corner, individual horns; 

' brt^Sanb, the land, or country — pi. bieSanbe^ territory, 
dominions — bieSdnber, individual countries; berOrt, the 
place — pi. tiz OvUf places, in a general sense, also pas- 

I sages frombooks — tic Oerter, individual places; ber ®ta^f, 
the steel — pi. bie ©ta^le, kinds of steel — bie@td^ter, cer- 
tain instruments made of steel; brt§ Xucf)/ the cloth — 
pi. tit Xuc^e, kinds of cloth — tie Xud^ev, parts of dress, 
such as neckcloths: tCi^ 2Bort, the word — pi. tie SBorte, 
words in general, in Latin verba, dicta — bie 2B6rter, 
words of the vocabulary, in Latin vocabula, dictiunes. 

PROPER NAMES. 

RULES. 

1. Proper names are inflected either by means of 
the article, or the terminations. 



20 Proper Names, 

2' The termination for the genitive is s, or'es^ some- 

I 
times 7is, or ens; for the dative and accusative /i, or en.i 

That for the genitive is frequently employed; that for' 

the dative and accusative, less so. [ 

3. The plural of proper names is rarely used 5 butn 

when required, it must, conformably to the gender and[| 

ending of the singular, be made after one of the fouri 

declensions*: in the feminines, after the first j and in[ 

the others, according to their terminations. * 



i 



Examples J with the Article. 

Masculine Gender. 

Singular Singular. 

Nom. |)Omer, Homer Nom. SSirgil, Virgil 

Geu. be^ |)omer, of Gen. te^ SSirgtl, of 1^ 

Dat. iiem |)omer, to Dat. bem S5irgi(, to \ 

Ace. ^zn Corner, Homer Ace. belt ^Birgil, Virgil. 






Feminine Gender. 

\ 
Nom. S(ortt, Flora Nom. (Sapp^O, Sappho f 

Gen. ber Slora, of Gen. ber ©app^o, of \ 

Dat. ber glorrt, to Dat. ber @app^o, to ^ 

Ace. bje Slora, Flora Ace. t'xz ©app^O, Sappho 

*«^0llicrr having the accent on the last syllable, would 
belong to the fourth declension, and make the plural 
'f)Oinere: the termination er , in the second declension, 
is an unaccented syllable. SSirgif would make SStrgile. 



Proper Names, 21 

Examples^ ivttJi the Termmutions. 

Masculine Gender. 
Singular. Singular. 

Nom. SSeCCan'a, Beccaria Nom. |)et)ne, Heyne 

Gen. SSeccan'a'^, of Gen. |)et)ne'^, of 

Dat. SBeccaria'n, to Dat. ^zxjwz'xi, to 

Ace. 35eccaria'n, Beccaria. Ace. ^jepne'n, Heyne. 

Nom. S^CObt Jacobi Nom. ^rtto, Cato 

Gen. Jacobi'^, of Gen. SatO'^, of 

Dat. 3^C0bt'n, to Dat. (Jato'n, to 

Ace. 2^C0bi'n, Jacobi. Ace. Sato'n, Cato. 

Jfom. Sablon^Fl), Jablonsky Nom. gagel, Fagel 
jGen. 5ab(cn5f9'§, of Gen. gageC^, of 

pat. Sablon^fp'n, to Dat. S^^eCn, to 

Ace. Sablon^f^'n, Jablonsky. Ace. gagePtt, Fagel. 

*Nom. <13itt, Pitt Nom. ^DXr Fox 

jGen. <pitr^, of . Gen. gojc'e^, or gox'e^, of 

JDat. T3itt'en, to Dat. gox'en, to 

Ace. <pitt'en, Pitt. Ace. gox'en. Fox. 

Feminine Gender. 
iNom. ^tana, Diana Nom. grieberifc, Frederica 

jGen. ^iana'^or^ian'en^,of Gen. gnebertfe'n^, of 

toat. X^ian'eH/ to Dat. grieberi!e'n, to 

jAcc. ^ian'en, Diana. Ace. grieberife'H/Frederica, 

Nom. ©a^pljO, Sappho 

Gen. (Sapp^O'§, of 

Dat. ©app|)0'n/ to 

Ace. @app[)0'n/ Sappho. 

I 



22 Declension of Adjectives. 

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 

Of the Four Forms, in which adjectives are used, 
the three last only are declined. 

The First Form 

has no variable terminations, and is that, in which the 
adjective appears, when it is neither placed before a 
substantive, nor preceded by an article, or a pronoun. 

The Second Form. 

RULE. 

The adjective is declined, by this form, when it stands 
before a substantive, without an article, or a pronoun. 

EXAMPLE. 
Singular. Plural. 

Masc. Fern. Neuter. 

Norn, ©uter, ®utc, ®ute^ Nom. @utc J 

Gen. ©ute^, ©uter, @ute5 Gen. ©uter | for all 

Dat. ©utem, ©uter, ©utem Dat. ©uten i genders. 

Ace. ©uten, ©ute, ©uteS Ace. ©ute ) j 

The Third Form. 

RULE. 

When the dejRnite article, or a pronoun demonstra- 
tive, relative, and interrogative, or the adjectives jeber, 

jebweber, jeglic^er, niand)er, go before, the third foi 
must be made use of. 

EXAMPLES. 
1. With the definite Article. 
Singular. 
Norn, ^er gute, fcie gute, baS gute , 

Gen. iDc* gutcn, t>cr gutcn, t)e^ guten 



Third Form, 23 

Dat.. ^em guten, ter guten, bem guten 
Ace. ^en guten, tie gute, 'tc^^ gute. 

Plural. 

Nom. ^ie guten 
Gen. rer guteit 
Dat. £)en gutcn 
Ace. ^ie guten* 

2. With a pronoun demonstrative. 

Singular. 

Nom. ^tefer gute, biefe gute, biefed gutc 
Gen. ^iefe^ guten, biefer guten, biefed guten 
Dat. ^ieiem guten, biefer guten, biefem guten 
Ace. ^iefen guten, biefe gute^ biefed gute. 

Plural. 

Nom. Diefe guten 
Gen. liefer guten 
Dat. Diefen guten 
Ace. Diefe guten. 

3. With a pronoun relative, or interrogative. 

Singular. 
Nom. SBe(d)er gute, welc^e gute, metc^e^ gute 
Gen. 3BeIcl)e§ guten, wetter guten, welc^e^ guten 
Dat. aBe(c^em guten, welc^er guten, welc^em guten 
Aec. 2BeIc^en guten, welc^e gute, welc^e^ ^\xU> 

Plural. 

Nom. 2Bcfd)e guten 
Gen. ?IBe(c^er guten 
Dat. 2Be(d)en guten 
Aec. 58e((^e guten. 



24 Declension of Adjectives. 

4. With the adjectives, tttani^cr, many a one; 

jeber, jebwcber, jcglic^er, each, every. 

Singular. 
Norn. SUfrtttc^er gute, manege gute, manned gute 
Gen. aJlanc^e^ guten, mancber gutcn, mancl)e^ guteti 
Dat. aJIanc^em guten, mancber guten, manc^em guten 
Ace. SKanc^en guten, manege gute, manc^e^ gute. 

Plural. 
Norn. 5!Kanc^e guten (more commonly gute) 

Gen. 3!)Jand)er guten 
Dat. Ttanijzn guten 
Ace. SWanc^e guten (or gute). 

The Fourth Form. 

RULE. 

The fourth form is required after the indefinite 
article, after numerals, which are declined, after the 
negative adjective !ein, none, and after pronouns per- 
sonal, and possessive. 
!• After the indefinite article, and some numerals 

Singular. 
Nom. (i'm guter, eine gute, ^\n gute^ 
Gen. ^ine^ guten, einer guten, eine^ guten 
Dat. ^inem guten, einer guten, einem guten 
Ace. einen guten, eine gute, zxn gute^. 

Phiral. 

Nom. 3«)etj, trep gute, two, three good etc. 

Gen. 3n3eper, brewer, guten 
Dat. 3it>ei)en, bretjen, guten 
Ace. Z^zxf, brei? gute. 



Fourth Form* 26 

OBSERVATIONS. 

When the numerals have no declinable terminations, 
as here, in the nominative and accusative cases, the 
adjective after them remams in the second form: as, 

3rt)ei gute Seute, two good people; trei gute Scanner, 

three good men. 

2. After the negative noun, feiJt/ none. 

Singular. 

Nom. ^ein guter, tzxm %\xU, Um gute^ 
Gen. ^eine^ guten, !e(ner gutcn, feme^ guteit 
Dat. ^einem guten, Uxmx guten, feinem guten 
Ace. ^einen guten, feine gute, fern gute^. 

Plural. 
Nom. Seine guten (sometimes gute) 

Gen. Seiner guten 
Dat. Seinen gitten 
Acc» Seine guten (sometimes gute). 



3. After a personal pronoun. 

Singular. 
Nom. 5ct) armer, \^ arme, ic^ arrne^ 

Gen. not usual 

Dat. Wxt (kxmm, mix armen, mix armen 
Ace. Wxi) armen, mic^ arme, ntid) arme^. 

2 



'^6 Comparison of Adjectives. 



Plural. 

Nom. SBir armcn 

Gen. not usual 

Dat. Un^ armcn 
Ace. Un^ armen. 



4. After a possessive pronoun. 

Singular. 
Nom. W^zxn gutcr, mcine gute, mein guted 
Gen. 5!Keine^ guten, meincr guten, mcine^ guten 
Dat. 5!}Zeinem guten, mcincr guteii/ meinem guten 
Ace. 5[J?efnen guten, meine gute, mein gute^. 



Plural. 

Nom. 5!J?eine guten 
Gen. 5!Keiner guten 
Dat. SFjJeinen guten 
Ace. 5!Keine guten. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

The Comparative Degree. 

RULE. 

Take the adjective in its first form, and add to i| 
e/*,- or r only, when it ends in e: thus the comparativ 
degree is produced. 



Coniparafive Degree, 27 

EXAMPLES. 

(&chon, handsome: comparative, fc^oner, handsomer, 

or more handsome 
(Jnge, narrow: comp. engcr, narrower 

©taif, strong : comp. jldrFer^ stronger 

©10^, great: comp. grower, greater 

2ung, young: comp. junger, younger. 

OBSERVATIOISS. 

1. The vowels a, 0, U, are, for the comparative, 
' changed Into the diphthongs d, 6, U: as, jlarf, jldlfer, 

gro^, grower; jung, junger. There are some exceptions 
- to this observation , which are enumerated in the 
I Grammar p. 178. 

2. Adjectives, which end in eZ, throw away the e 
before I, in the comparative degree: as, ebel, noble, 
comp. ebler, for ebeler. And frequently the e is also 
left ont, before n and r: as, trocfctt, dry, comp. trocfner, 

for trocfener, more dry 5 tapfer, brave, comp. tapfrer, for 

I tapferer, more brave. 

! 3. The adjective, in the comparative degree, is again 
i liable to four forms, the first of which is unvariable, and 
the three last are declined. The comparative of fc^on, 
is fc^oncr; this is the first form of that degree. The 
second is, fd)onerer, fcbonere, fdbonere^, before a substan- 
tive, without an article 5 the third, ber jc^ottere, tie fc^otterc, 
't^C^^ fcbonere/ with the definite article, or a demonstrative, 
and relative pronoun; the fourth, ein fdjonerer, eine fc^O- 
nere, cin fc^oneve^, with the indefinite article, or a perso- 
nal, and possessive pronoun^ See the Grammar, p. 179» 

2- 



28 Comparison of Adjectives. 

The Superlative Degree. 

RULE. 

Add 5t, or est ^ to the first form of the adjective: 
this constitutes the superlative degree. 



EXAMPLES. 

(Bcftott/ handsome: superlative, fc^OHj!"/ handsomest, or 

most handsome 
(Jnge, narrow: sup. engejl, narrowest 

@tarf, strong: sup. fldrfefl, strongest 

@rO^, great: sup. gro^ejl/'^ greatest 

Sung, young: sup. jungjl, youngest. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

1. The vowels a, 0, U, are changed into the diph- 
thongs 5/ 0/ ii/ in the same manner as in the comparative. 

2. The adjectives, ending in e, Z>, ch, f, g^ I, m, n, 
nd, r, form the superlative by st: those in aw, eu, 
ej ; and \n d, h^ k, cli., ff, II, mm, nn^ rr^ pf^ 5, or ss, 
sch, st^ t, z, make it in est. See the Grammar, p. 181, 
and 182. 

3. As in the comparative, so in the superlative, th< 
four forms arc admitted. The second would accordinp^b 

be, (gct)6nj!er, fc^onfle, fcf)6njle5; the thirds T^cr fd)onjl( 
bie fcl)onjle, ti<x^ fcbonjle; the fourth, S[Rein fc^onjler. meinl 

fc^on(le,meinfd)On(le^. Forthey^r^tybr/w, a circumlocutio] 

'^'©ro^cjl is contracted into groft. See the Grammai 
p. 182. 4. 



Superlative Degree. 29 

is generally substituted, which consists of the preposi- 
tion ait/ contracted with the article fcem into am/^ and 
the dative case singular of the third form: as, ant fc^Ott- 
flett, finest, in the finest manner; am engjlen, narrowest; 

ant jldrFjlen, strongest; c^m gropten, greatest; c^m jungjlen, 

youngest. This is fully explained in the Grammar, 
p. 183. 5. 



GENERAL REMARKS. 

1. The adjectives gitt, good, and tJiel, much, are irre- 
gular in their degrees of comparison : viz. gut, good — 
comp. beflf^r, better — sup. am beflen, best; tJiel, much — 

comp.me^r.more, — sup. am me^rjlen, or am meijlen,most. 

f)Ocl), high, has the comparative, ^d^er, and the superlative 

am^dc^jlen. 9?a§e, near — comp. na^er — sup. am nac^jlen. 

See the Grammar, p. 187? HI. 

2. There are a few adjectives, which cannot be put 
into the degrees of comparison, by means of the compa- 

jrative terminations, r, er^ and st, est. With these it is 
necessary to employ, me^r, more, for the comparative, 

jand am meijlen, most, for the superlative. The prin- 
cipal ones of them are: 5In9jl, anxious, fearful; eingc- 

J benf, mindful; feinb, hostile; gar, coolted, done, dressed, 

prepared; gram, angry, displeased, disliliing; recbt, right; 

1 

jjUnrec^t, wrong; t^eil^aft, participating. See farther in 

•the Grammar, p. 186. 

*See the Grammar, p. 352- IV. 



30 



Numerals. 



THE NUMERALS. 

Cardinal Numbers. 

1. (I'm, cine, ein; or einer 25. gunf unt) swanjig 

cine, eine^ 



2. 3tt)ei 

3. Drei 

4. SSier 

5. Sunf 

6. ©ecl)6 
7« ©ieben 

8. 5lc^t 

9. ^f^cun 

10. 3^()n, or je^cn 

11. @(f, or eilf 

12. 3n)6(f 

13. S)reiset>n, or brei'se^en 

14. SSierje^n 

15. gunfse^n 

16. ©ec^^se^n 

17- ©iebjelS>n, or flebensel^n 

18. 5l^tse]^rt 

19. ^f^eimjc^ti 

^ 20. 3tt)ansi0 

21. dxn unb swansfg 

22. 3tt)ei tint) jwansig 

23. X)re{ itnD siwanjig 

24. $8ier unb Srt)«nsi3 



26. ©ed)^ unb jmanjig 

27. ©it'fcen unb snjanjig 

28. 5Id)t unb jwangig 

29. O^eun unb jwansig 

30. Drei^ig 

31. Q'm unb bref^ig 

32. 3«^^i unb breifig, etc. 

40. SSierjig 

41. (Jin unb Dierjig, etc. 
50. gunfsig 
60. ©ec^^^ig 

70. ©iebjig, or jiebenjig 
80. 5lcl)t5ig 
90. 5^eunsig 

100. t)unbert 

101. t)Wttbert unb cin 

102. ^unbert unb %v^^x 

103. ^unbcrt unb brei, etc« 
200. Z'^zx ^unbert 
300. Drci ^unbert etc. 
1000. Xaufenb 
10000. S^^ntaufenb 
100000. |)unbert taufenb 
A million, (i'xm 5[Rillion. 



1793. Q^xn taufenb jieben ^unbert unb brei unb neunsig- 
1807. 5lc^tje^n ^unbert unb iieben, 

or ^in taufenb a^t ()unbei't unb fieben. 



Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers, 



31 



OBSERVATION. 

The first of the cardinal numbers is declined (like 
the indefinite article) 5 and in certain situations it re- 
ceives the terminations er, in the nominative case, for 
the masculine, and es for the nominative and accusative 
of the neuter gender. ^\^ZX, and txzx, occasionally re- 
quire declinable terminations, in the genitive, and dative. 
Concerning these particulars, the Grammar is to be 
consulted, p. 189, and 191. 





Ordinal 


Numbers. 


The 1st. 


X)er er<!e 


The 19th. I5er neunse^nte 


2d. 


ber jweite 


20th. ber siDanjigjle 


3d. 


ber britte 


21st. beretn unbjwanjigjle 


4th. 


ber cicrte 


22d. ber jmei unb sman-- 


5th. 


ber funfte 


Stgfte 


6th. 


ber fedj^te 


23d. ber brei unb stDan-- 


7th. 


berfiebente, orfiebte 


stgfte 


8th. 


ber a^tz 


24th. ber eier unb jwam 


9th. 


ber neunte 


Si9l^e 


10th. 


ber je^nte 


25th. ber funf unb ycc>^\\' 


nth. 


ber elfte, or etifte 


sigi^e 


12th. 


ber stt)6lfte 


26th. ber fedb§ unb ixom-- 


ISth. 


ber breisebnte 


Jtgfte 


14th. 


ber t^ierjebnte 


27th. ber fieben unb jttjan-' 


15th. 


ber funfjebnte 


y^fte 


16th. 


ber fed)^sebnte 


28th. ber acf)t unb s»t)an= 


17th. 


ber fiebjebnte , or 


Jtgfte 




(Tebenjebnte 


29'h. ber neun unb jrtjan- 


181 h. 


ber acbt^ebnte 


. ^tv3jle 



32 



Numerals, 



The 30th. ^cr treigiglle The 

31st. ter ein unb brei^ 

32d. ber jmei uub brei- 

figjle etc. 
40th. ber t^terjigjle 
41st. ber ein unb mx^ 

etc. 
50Hi. ber funftigjle 
60th. ber fedj^jigfte 
70th. ber (lebjigjle/ or The 

(lebenji'gjle 
80th. ber ad)tsi^(!e 
90th. ber neunjigile 
100th. ber ^unbertjle 



101st. Der ^unbert unb 

erjle 
102(1. ber l^unbert wnt 

jrtjeite 
lOSd. ber ^unbert unb 

IxxiU etc. 
200th. ber %xcz'\ \:)\xxi' 

bertjie 
300th. ber brei ^un- 

bertjle 
1000th. ber taufenbjle 

one thousand seven, 
hundred and ninety- 
third, ber taufenb jie^en 
l^unbert unb brei unt 
neunsigjle. 



OBSERVATIONS. 

1. The ordinal numbers resemble, in their nature, 
the superlative degree of adjectives : and as they are 
here drawn up, they are like that degree, in the third 
form. They also occur in the second, and fourth forms; 
the first form is not u&ual. See the Grammar, p. 195.2. 

2. X)er erjle, the first, and ber ^XXiXz, the third, are 
produced in an anomalous manner; but the remainder 
are regularly derived from the cardinals, by the addition 
of te ,^ from two to nineteen, inclusive 5 and of ste, 
from twenty to the last. 



'^In ac^t, eight, e only is added, as there is already 
a « in the word. 



Pronouns, » 83 

3. In compouncl numbers, the last only assumes the 
character of an ordinal 5 the preceding ones retain the 

shape of cardinals: as, ber taufenb jTebeit ^unbert unb 



PRONOUNS, 
Persofial and Reciprocal Pronouns. 

First personal. 
Singular. Plural. 

Norn. 2c^, I N. SBir, we 

Gen. (5iJ?einer, ormein)ofme G. (Unfer) of us 
Dat. 50Zir, to me D. Un§, to us 

Ace, 5OTic^, me A. Un§, us. 

Second personal. 
Singular. Plural. 

j Norn. I)u, thou N. S^r/ you 

Gen. (I^einer, orbein)of thee G. ((Juer) of you 
iDat. ^ir, to thee D. (Juct), to you 

jAcc. ^icfe/ thee^ A. gnc^, you. 

1 

! 

Third personal. 

Singular. 
Masc. Fern. Neut. 

iWom. (?r, he; Sie, she; ^^, it 

I 

iGen. (Seiner, or (3i[)rer, or i^r) of (Seiner, or fefn) of 

feitt) of him; her; it 

Dat. 3^m,tohim; 3^r, to her; 3^m, to it 

JAcc. 3^^/ him; Sie, her; (5^, it. 



34 Pronouns, 

Plural. 
3\om. ©ie, they (for all genders) 

Gen. (3^r^r)r of them 
Dat. 3t)nen, to them 
Ace. ©ie, them. 

Reciprocal for the third person. 

Singular. 
Nom. None 

Gen. (©einer, or fein) of himself ^ (S^^-er, or 5^0 of 

herself; (©einer, or fein) of itself 
Dat. @ic!)r to himself, to herself, to itself 
Ace ®ic^/ himself, herself, itself. 

Plural. 

Nom. None 

Gen. m\)XZX)f of themselves 
Dat. ©ic^, to themselves 
Ace. @ic^, themselves. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

1. The genitive case of these pronouns is not of 
general use, but occurs only in some phrases. See the 
Grammar, pag. 201, I. 

2. The first and second personal pronouns are used re- 
ciprocally, without any change, or addition, so that ntir, 
m\^, bir, bic&, Un^, euc^, express me, thee, myself, thy- 
self, us, ourselves, you, yourself, or yourselves. Butl 
for the third person , there is a distinct reciprocal 
pronoun, which is exhibited above. No reciprocal 
pronoun can, as such, have a nominative case. 

Pronouns Possessive. 

These are: ^^zxtlf my, or mine; '^ZXWi thy, or thine J 



Personalj Reciprocal and Possessive, 



85 



5(^r, her, or hers 5 ©ein, liis, its 5 Unfer, our, or ours; 
^uer, your, or yours; 3t^f/ their, or theirs. They have 
three genders, in the singular numl^er, and are declin- 
ed in the same manner, as the indefinite article, or 
tlic first numeral, viz. 



Singular. 
Masc. Fem. 

Nom. 5!Ketn, or meiner, meine. 

Gen. 5Keine^, meiner, 

Dat. 5Keinem, meiner. 

Ace. 5QJeinen, meine. 



Neut. 

mein, or meined 

meined 

meinem 

mein, or meine^. 



Plural. 
Nom. 5Kcine Dat. 9J{einen 

Gen. aJteiner Ace. 5Dteine. 



OBSERVATIONS. 

1. The possessive pronouns are either placed before 
substantives, or they are put absolutely, as minc^ 
thine, etc. in English: and tlie nominative singular, in 
the masculine, and the nominative and accusative cases 
in the neuter gender, occasionally talte, for reasons, 
described in the Grammar, p. 210 9 the endings er, es: 

as, SKeiner, meine^; Deiner, beine^. 

2. When they stand absolute, that is to say, not 
before a substantive, the definite article may be pre- 
fixed to them: as, ^er meine, tie mcim, ba^meine, mine; 
^er beinc, thine; ^er fetne, his; Der i^re, hers, and so 

forth. And it is then most usual to insert the syllable ig : 

as. X>ei' mm^xQ^, teinige, feinige, ij^rige. When thusunitcfl 



36 



Pronouns, 



with the article, they are to be declined after the third 
form of adjectives. 

Pronouns Demo?istrative. 

They are: ©iefer/ biefe, t)iefe§, this — Lat. hie, haec, 

hoc*y ^ZXiZX , jene, jene^, that — • Lat, Ule , ilia, illud; 
^cr, ti^, t({^, that — Lat. is, ea, id, or iste.^ ista^ istud; 

Z^erjenige, tiejenicje, ba^jenfge, that — Lat. w, or Hie; Der^ 

fc(b^, biefdfce, taflfclbe, the same — Lat. idem, eadem, idem. 

Singular. Plural. 

Fern. Netit. 

tiefe, biefe^, orbjef N. ^iefe 



Masc. 
Nom. liefer;. 

Gen. ^iefe^, 

Dat. Diefem, 

Ace. ^iefen, 

Norn. 3ener, 
Gen. Senc^, 
Dat. Senem, 
Ace. 2enen, 



tiefer, 

jene, 

jener, 
jene. 



biefe^ G. Diefer 

Diefem D. X5iefen 

tiefe^, or bie^. A. ^ief^ 



jenel 
jenem 



N. Sene 
G. Sener 
D. Seneit 
A. Sene. 



Nom. X)er^ tie. 

Gen. ^DeiTett/ or tereit, or 
tef, ber 

Dat. Dent, ber. 



Ace, ©en. 



bje. 



Nom. IJerjenige, biejenige 
Gen. De^jenigen, berjcnigen^ 
Dat. ©emjenigen, berjenigen. 
Ace. Denjenigen/ biejcnige. 



brt^ K. t)ie 

beffen, or be^ G. Derer, 

(or beren) 

bent D. ©enen, 

(or ben) 

ba^. A. I)te. 

ba^jenige N. Diejenigen 

be^jenigen G. :Denjenigen 

bemjenigen D. I5enjenigen 

ba^jenige. A. Diejenigen 



Relative, and Interrogative. 
Singular. 



37 



Plural. 





Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 






Nom 


. Derfelbe, 


tiefelbe. 


baffe(6e 


N. 


Siefelben 


Gen. 


t)effe(ben. 


terfeiben. 


teffelb^n 


G. 


^erfelben 


Dat. 


DemfelbeH/ 


berfelben. 


bem)e(ben 


D. 


Denfelben 


Ace. 


Senfelben, 


tiefelbe. 


taffelbe. 


A, 


^iefeiben* 



OBSERVATIONS. 

!♦ Set/ tie, ba^, as a pronoun, is to be spoken vf'iXh 
a stronger accent, than de definite article. 

2. Derjenige, and berfelbe are declined lilie adjectives, 
in the third form. X5erfe(be, ber ndmlic^e, ter gleic^e, are 

nearly the same in signification, as tcrfelbe^ 

Pronouns Relative^ and Interrogative, 

These are: SBeld^er, welc^e, irelc^e^, who, and which; 
and SBer, neuter rt)a5, who, what. — ^cr, tie, ta^, is, like 
the English that^ also used in a relative signification. 



Singular, 



Plural. 



Masc. 


Fem, 


Neut. 






Norn. uye(cf)er. 


ttjelc^e, 


ttjeld^e^ 




N. 2BeI*e 


Gen. 2Be(c^e^, 


aelc^er. 


xc^\^^h 




G. ^cl^er 


Dat. SBelcbem; 


njeld)er. 


it)e(cf)cm 




D. aBc(d)en 


Ace. ^elc^en 


it)e(c&e. 


tt)e(c^e^. 




A. yWelcbe. 


Singular. 




N 


a Plural. 


Masc. and Fern. Neut. 








ZSfom. ^er 


wrt^ 








Gen. 2Beflfen, or 


ujeg 








Dat. ^iilem 










Ace. ^Ctt 


n>a^. 









38 



Pronouns. 



Singular. 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Norn, ^er, bie, ta^ 

Gen. Deffen (or, beren (or, bejfen (or, 

be^), ber), U^), 

Dat. ^em, ber, tern 

Ace. T)en, tie, tal 



Plural. 

G. ^erer (or, 

tcren) 
D. X)enen 

A. Die. 



OBSERVATIONS. 

1. There is no such distinction in the German rela- 
tive pronouns, as between who and which j the former 
being, in the English language, only applied to persons, 
and the latter to animals and things. The proper rela- 
tives is tt)C(cf)er; but bet is frequently substituted for 
it, for the sake of brevity, and variety. 

2. "When ber, t\Z, bad, is put as a relative after the 
first, or second person, the pronouns of those persons 
are commonly repeated after it: as, Jc^, bet \6)^ I who; 

2)u, ber ^Vi, thou who; W\x, bie mx, we who; ^\)x, bie 

\\^X, you who. And in the third person, when it stands 
alone, before the verb, the particle ba is usually inter- 
posed: as, @in ^nabe, ber ba fc^reibt a boy who writes. 

3. 2Ber and wa^, as interrogatives , have their place 
naturally at the beginning of a sentence: and as a re- 
lative, JtJer cannot be put after other words. It always 
stands at the opening of the sentence, and signifies he, 
who, 5B(l^ may be preceded by some word of general 
import, such as tci^, that, aUe^, all: for example, ba^ 
jva^, that vThich ; aKe6 tt)rt^, all that which. 9Ba6 before] 
the indefinite article, with the preposition fur, for, in- 



Miscellaneous Pronouns, 3i) 

serted, forms a pronoun of distinction, or qualification : 
as, 2Ba^ fur ein SUlann, what a man, what sort of a 
man. 2Ba$ fur Z'WK S^'^W/ ^'v'Jiat woman, or, what a wo- 
man; 3Brt$ fur zm ^int, what child, or, what a child. 

MisceUafieoiis Pronouns, 

5iJCan/ not declined, marks an indefinite, or general, 
personality 5 and answers to the French on\ as, 5Dtan 
frtgt/ they say, people say, on dit, 

Semanb, some one; jebermaim, every one; niemant, 

no one. Those words are varied, in the genitive, by 

the addition of the letter s^ Jemanb^, je^ermann^/ tiie* 
manfc^. Sometimes the dative of jemaitt), and niemant>, 
is also inflected, jemanten, niemanben. 

@el6jl, or felber, resembles the English self^ and the 
Latin ipse. It may be added to any noun substantive, 
or pronoun, in that signification : as , ^er 9J?anil fcl^ff, 
the man himself 5 icf) felbjl, I myself; tu felbfi^, thou thy- 
self; ttjt'r fe(6jl, we ourselves; '\\jX felbjl, you yourselves; 
fie felbjl, they themselves. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 

There are three auxiliary, or helping, verbs: fjabeii/ 
to have; @ei)n, to be; SSerben, to become. 

The First Auxiliary. 

^abctt, to have : 

.£)abe, \iMz, ge^abt* 

*These three things, are, the present tense, thepreter- 
imperfect, an the preterite participle: which areplaecd 
at the head of a conjugation, as the roots, or funda- 
mental parts, of the verb. 



40 



Auxiliary Verbs, 



INDICATIVE MOOD. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense. 



Singular. 
1. 5c^ J)abe, I have 

2» ^u ^rt|l, thou hast 



Singular, 

1. 3ci) i^cibe, (if) I have 

2. Dufjabejl, (If) thou have 



3» ^r (fie, ed) ^at, he (she, 3. (5r, (fie, e^) ^abe, (if) he 



it) has 

Plural. 
1. W\X \j<xlzxi, -we have 



(she, it) have 

Plural. 
1. 3Bir l^aben, (if) we have 



2. 3^*^ l^abet, or ^abt, you 2. S^J^ ^abet, (if) you have 
have 

3* ©ie l^aben, they have. 3. ©I'e ^aben, (if) they have. 

Preterimperfect. 



Singular. 

1. S* ISiatte, I had 

2. Du ^attejl, thou hadst 

3. @r ^atte, he had 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir ipatten, we had 

2. 3&r ^attet, you had 

3. @ie {patten, they had. 



Singular. 

1. 3* ?>atte, (if) I had 

2. ^u Httejl, (if) thou had 

3. ^r Htte, he had 

Plural. 

1. SSir fatten, we had 

2. 3()<^ ^dttet, you had. 

3. @ie l^attett, they had. 



Preterperfect. 



Singular. 
!♦ 3c^ ^<tbe gcfjabt, I have 
had 



Singular. 
1. 3* ^«^^ 9e?)abt, (if) I 
have had 



2. Du 5a(l (jegabt thou hast 2. S5u^abejlge^abt,(if) thou 



had 

3. ^r \}<xK gebabt, he has 
had 



have had 

3. (Jr \)<xH ^^\)M, (if) He 
have had 



First Auxiliary, 41 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Plural. Plural. 

1. 2Bir ^aben ge^abt, we i. 23ir^aben9e^abt\Yehave 

have had had 

2. 5^r ^abet, or^abtge^abt 2. S^r^abetge^abtyouhave 

vou have had had 

3. @ie Ijaben 9e()abt, they 3. @ie l^aben gel^abt, they 

have had. have had. 

Preterpluperfect. 
Singular. Singular. 

1. 3* W^^ ge^abt, I had l. 5c^ (jdtte ge^abt, Of) i 

had had had 

2. X5u b'^ttejl ge^abt, thou 2. X5u ^dttefl ge^abt, (if) 

hadst had thou had had 

3. Sr l^atte ge^abt, he had 3. ^r l)dtte ge^abt, he had 

had had 

Plural. Plural. 

1. 5Bir l^atten ge^abt,^ we l. 2Bfr l^dtten ge^abt, we 

had had had had 

2. 3^^^ ^^ttet ge^abt, you 2. 3()t' W^^^ ^^^<y^t, you 

had had had had 

3. ©ie fatten ge^abt, they 3. ©te l[)dtten ^z^U, they 

had had. had had. 

First Future. 
Singular. Singular. 

1. 3c^ ttjer^e ^aben, I shall 1. 3cl) itjerbe l?aben, (if) I 

have shall have 

2. ®u tt)trj! ^rtben, thou 2. ®u itjerbejl ^aben, (if) 

shalt, or wilt, have thou shalt have 

3. gr tt)irb l)aben, he shall, 3. Sr rterte ^aben, (if) he 

or will, have shall have 



42 



AiuiLliary Verbs, 



INDICATIVE. 

Plural. 

1. 5Bir wer^en t^aberi/ we 

shall have 

2. %\)x werbet (jaben, you 

shall, or will, have 

3. ©ie rrerten ^aben, they 

shall, or will, have. 



Second 



Singular. 



1. 5ci) werbe ge(;abt ^aben, 
I shall have had 

thou shalt have had 

3» (5r wirb gejjabt l^aben, he 

shall have had 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir werben gef^abt 6aben, 

we shall have had 

2. %\ix werbet gel^abt ^aben, 

you shall have had 

3. ©ie KDerben ge^abt ^aben, 

they shall have had. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir ttevben \)(x^zx{, (if) 

Nvc shall have 

2. S(?r ttjerbet baben, (if) 

you sliall have 

3. ©ie werben b^iben, (if) 

they shall have. 

Future. 

Singular. 

1. 2c^ werbe gebabt ^abcn, 

(if) I shall have had 

2. Du rtjerbejl ge^abt (^aberi/ 

(if) thou shalt have had 

3. C^r ttjcrbc gel^abt b<iben, 

(if) he shall have had 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir werbengef^abt baben, 

(If) we shall have had 

2. 5(^r werbet gebabt b<^t>^n^ 

(if) you shall have had 

3. ®ie werben ge^abt l^aben, 

(if) they shall have had. 



First Future Conditional. 
Singular. 

1. 5c^ rt)Urbe b^beit, I should, or would, have 

2. 3)U wurbeft babeit/ thou shouldst, or wouldsr, have 

3. @r WUrbe baben, he should, or would, have 



I 



First Auxiliary. 43 

PluiaL 

1. 2Bir rt)Urben (jabeil/ vvhe should, or wonUl, have 

2. 2t?r rourfeet ^aben, you should, or would, have 

3. ©ie ttjurben f^aben, they should, or would, Ijave. 

Second Future Conditional. 

J. 5d) it)uvte geljabt baben, I should, or would, have had 

2. Du murbejl gel^abt fjaben, thou shouldst, or wouldst, 

have had 

3. @r rt)urte gebabt ^aben, he should, or would, have had 

Plural. 

1. SBirnjurben ge^abtbaben, we should, or would, have had 

2. 2(?i^ TOurbetgebabtbaben, you should,orwould, have had 

3. @ie njurben <^z\j^^t (^aben, they should, or would, have 

had. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural. 

(1. |)aben mx, let us lia\ e) 
2, |)abe (bu), have (thou) 2. |)abet, or babt (ibr), have 

(you) 

3» |)abe er, (fie, eiJ), let 3. |)aben fie, let them have, 
him, (her, it) have. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present, ^ctbcn, to have 
Prelerperf. ©ebabt ^abeil, to have had 
Future, ^aben it)erben, to be about to have. 



44 



Auxiliary F^erbs» 



PARTICIPLES. 



Present, ^abenb, having 
Preterite, @z\j(():)i, had. 



The Secofid Auxiliary. 

©cpn, to be: 

SSin, 2Bar^ ©ewefen. 



INDICATIVE. 

Singular. 

1. 5c^ bin, I am 

2. Du bi(l, thou art 

3. (fr i(l, he is 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir jlnb, we are 

2. 5^^^ f^P^/ you are 

3. ®ie (Inb, they are. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 

Singular. 

2. Du fe^ejl, (or fepft,) (if) 

thou be 

3. ©r fep, he be 

PulraL 

1. 5Birfepen, (orfe9n,)we;be 

2. S^t'fepc^(orfe9t>,)yoube 

3. ©iefepen/Corfepn^theybe 



Preterimperfect. 

Singular. Singular* 

1. Sc^ ttJrtr, I was 1. 5c^ ttjdre, (if) I were 

2. ®u warejl, (or warjl,) 2» I)u rtJarep, thou wert 

thou wast 

3. dx wax, he was 3. (?r ttjare, he were 



Second Auxiliarj^, 



45 



INDICATIVE. 

Plural. 

i, -23ir iraren, we ^vcrc 

2. 3^r a^aret, (or itjart) 

you were 
3» iBie rtJaren, they were. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Plural. 

1. 5Bir trdrcn, Ave were 

2. 3^r irdret you were 

3. (Sie rt^dren, they were, 



Preterp effect. 



Singular. 



Sinsfular. 



1. 3d) bin gettjefen, I have i. 3cf) fei) getrefen, (if) I 



3. 



1. 



2. 



3. 



been 
©u h'jl getvefeHr thou 

hast been 
^r tfr gctrefen/ he has 
been 

Plural. 

SBir jTnb geit^efen/ we 

have been 
3t)r fepb gerrefen, you 

have been 
Sie finb genjefen, they 

have been. 



have been 

2. Du fepefr (or fepjl,) geroe^ 

fen, (if) thou have been 

3. Sr fep gertjefeHr (if) he 
have been 

Plural. 

1. Sir fepen (or fei)n/) ge-- 

ttjefen, whe have been 

2. %^x fe^eb (or fe9b,).ge^ 
rtefert, you havebeen 

3. Sie fet)en (or fet;n), ge^- 

ttjefettr they have been. 
Preterpluperfect. 



II. 



o 



!3. 



Singular. 

5* voax gei^efen, I had 

been 
ru irarejl getrefen, thou 

had St been 
^T n?ar gewefen , he had 

been 



Singular. 

1. 5<^ n^dre genjefen, (if) 

I had been 

2. Du ttJdrejl gettjefen, (if) 

thou had been 

3. (rr rcdre gewefen, (if) he 

had been 



46 



A ux diary Verbs , 



INDICATIVE. 

Plural. 



SL«JL\CTIVE. 

Plural. 



1. 5Bir rtjaren geruefen, we 1. 2Bir wdreu getuefcn, we 



had been 



had been 



2. S^'* warct gewefen. you 2. 3l)r xohxzX geroefen, yon 



had been 



had been 



3. ©te waren getDefen, they 3. (^ie mdren gewefen, they 

had been. had been. 

First Future. 



Singular. 



Singular. 



1. Scb werbe fepn, I shallbe l.S^iDcrbefepn^CifjIshallbe 

2. 2)Utt)ir(l fepn, thou shalt, 2. Du ruerbe|l fepn, thou 



or wilt, be 



shalt be 



3. (^r tt)irb fe»n, he shall, 3. Sr werte fe^m he shall be 
or will, be 



Plural. 



Plural. 



1. SBirwerten fepn, we shall l. SBir werben fe^n, whe 



be 



shall be 



2. 5^^^ werbet fe^tt, you 2. 3^*^ werbet fe^n^ you 



shall, or will, be 



shall be 



3. ®ie werbett fei^n, they 3. ©ie werben fe^n, they 

shall, or will, be. shall be. 

Second Future. 



Singular. 



Singular. 



1. Sc^ tt)crbe geroefen fepn, 1. Sc^ mcrbe gettjcfen fepn, 

I shall have been (if) I shall have been! 

2. Du wirjl gewefen fepn, 2. X5u tDerbejl getrefcn fcpiiJ 



thou shalt have been 



thou shalt have been 



3. ^r njirb gewcfen fe^n, 3. ^r werbe gemefen fepn. 



he shall have been 



he shall have been 



Second Auxiliary. 



47 



INDICATIVE. 

Plural. 

1. 5Bir tuerten genjefen fet)n, 

we shall lia\e been 

2. 3br rtJertet geroefen fepn, 

you shall have been 
3. (Bie itjerfcengemefen fet)n, 
they shall have been. 



CONJUNCTIVE. 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir merfcen gemefen fepn, 

we shall have been 

2. 3&J^ itertet gemefen fepn, 

you shall have been 

3. ®ie njerten gemefen fepn, 

they shall have been. 



\ First Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

1. 3cf? vonxtz feim, I should, or would, be 
1 2- Du njurteft fepn, thou shonldst, or wouldst, be 
3. ^r murte fei)n/ lie should, or would, be. 

Plural. 

1. 2Btr wurben fepn, we should, or would, be 

2. 5^r wiirtet fet)n, you should, or would, be 

3. sBie mitrten fei;n, they should, or would, be. 



Second Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

L 3d) it^urte geruefen fepn, I should, or would, have 

been 
2. Du murtefr gen:>e)'en fer?n, thou shouldst, or wouldst, 

have been 
l3. dr murbe geix^efen fepn, he should, or would, have 

been 



48 



Auxiliarj Verbs, 



Plural. 

1. ffiir wuvben aewefen fe^n, whe should, or would, have 

been 

2. S&r wurbet gewefen fe^n, you should, or would, have 

been 

5. @ie iDurten gewefen fe^n, they should, or would, have 

been. 



IMPERATIVE. 

Singular. 

2. ®ep (t)«), be (thou) 

3. ®e^ cr, let him be 

Plural. 

(1. (se^en mx, let us be) 

2. ®e^b (i^r), be (you) 

3. ©e^en fie, let them be. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, (Bz^n, to be 

Preterperf. ©ewefen fepn, 

to have been 

Future, @et)n njerben, to 

be, about to be. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Present, ©et)enb, being 
Preterite, ©ettJefen, been. 



The Third Aumliary. 

5Berfcen, to become: 
2Berte; SBurbe, or rvjavbj ©eiDorbert, or worten. 



Third Auxiliary, 



49 



INDICATIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Present. 



Singular. 

1. Sd) ttjerbe, I become 

2. DU ttJirjl, tbou becom- 

est 

3. (ix it)irt»/ lie becomes 

Plural. 
• 1. 2Bir rtjerben, we become 

i 2. 3^r ttjerbet, you become 

3. (sie ttjerbenr they be- 

I 

come. 



Singular. 

1. 3c^tt)erte, (if) I become 

2. ^u wertejl, (if) thou 

become 

3. dr njerbe, (if) he become 

Plural. 

1. 3Bir ttjerben, we become 

2. 2^^ werbet, you become 

3. ©te ttJevben, they become. 



Preterimperfect. 



Singular. 

1. Sc^ iDurbe (or warb), I 

became 

2. ^u rtJUrbejl (or njarbjl), 

thou becamest 

3. ^r Jtjurbe (or rcarb), he 

became 

Plural. 

1. SBir iDUrben, we became 

2. Sl^r tt)Urbet, you became 

3. ®ie ttJUrbeH/ they be- 

came 



Singular. 

1. 3* ttJUrbe, (if) I became 

2. ^u itjurbejl, (if) thou 

became 
3» (Jr n)Urbe, he became 



Plural. 

1. 2Bir ttjurben, we became 

2. 3^t* )[);)ltrbet, you became 

3. ©iewurbeH/ they became 



50 



«> 



Auxiliary Verhs, 
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTrvE. 

Preterperfect. 



Singular. 

1. 3d) bin gertjorten, orwor^ 

^en, I liave become 

2. t>u bill gewortien, or 

njorben, thou hast be- 
come 

X Sr ijl geiDOrfcen, or xotx- 

ten, he has become 
Plural. 



Singular. 

1. S* f^P gemorfcen, or wor^ 

ben, (if) I have become 

2. r)ufet)11 (or feioeil) gewor^ 

ten, or njorben, (if) thou 

have become 

3. (^r fet) gemorten, or tDOr- 

ten, (if) he have be- 
come 

Plural. 



L 5Bir fmt gemorten, or L ®tr fepen (or fepn) ge-' 



toovben, ^^ have be- 
come 

2. 5i)r fet)b gertjorten, or 

irortcn, you have be- 
es me 

3. (gie finb geworten, or 

morten, they have be- 
come. 



worben, or worben, wc 

have become 

2. 3&r fet)eb (or fet)b) ge^ 

n)orben, or itjorben, yon 

have become 

3. (Sic fet)en (or fe^n) ge- 

tt)orben,or worben, they 

have become. 



f 



Preterpluperfect. 



Singular. 



Singular. 



1,3* njar getuorben, or i. 5cD»t)aregen:)orbett,orn)D^' 



tt>orben, I had become 
% ^u warejl (warfl:) gewor^- 
ten, or tt)orben, thou 

hadst become 



ben, (if) I had become 

2. I)u ttjarejl genjorben, or 
ttjorben, (if) thou had 
become 



3. (>-rit)arge«)Oi ben, or roor-' 3^ ^r n)are gerDorben, or 



Oen, he had become 



rDOrben, he had become 



Third Auxiliary, 



51 



INDICATIVE. 

Plural. 

1. W\t roarcn gerDorben, or 

n?Ort)en, we had become 

2. S{>r mctret (mart) gemor^ 

^en, orrt)orben, you bad 

become 

3. (5ie rtjaren genjorben, or 

t^orben, they had be- 
come. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Plural. 
1. 2Bir mdren gemorben, or 
ttJOrbeit, we had become 
-• S^r rudret gemorben, or 

WOrben, you had be- 
come 

3. @ie mdren gemorbeit, or 
n^orben, they had be- 
come. 



First Future. 
Singular. 
i» 3* werbe merben, I shall 

become 

2. Z)u tt)irjl merben, thou 

shalt , or wilt, be^ 
come 

3* ^r mirb merben, he shall, 

or will, become 



Singular. 
1- 5* merbe merben, (if) 

I shall become 

2. X^u ttjerbeft merben, thou 

shalt become 



3. ^r merbe merbeit, he 

shall become 



Singular. 

1. 5Cir tt)erben merben, we 

shall become 

2. S^r merbet roerben, you 

shall, or will, be- 
come 

3. ©ic merben merben, they 

shall, or will, be- 
come. 



Singular. 
1» 2Bir werben merbett, we 

shall become 

2. 5^r werbet merben, you 

shall become 

3. @te werben werben, they 

shall become. 






52 



Auxiliary Verbs, 



INDICATIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE- 



Secoud Future. 
Singular. Singular. 

1. Sd) tt)erbe getvovben, or i» jc^ merbe geworfeen, or 
tDorben, fepn, I shall tworten, fepn, (if) I 

have become shall have become 



2. I5u tt)irjl: gemorben, or 
tDorbeHr fe^n , thou 

shalt, or wilt, have 
become 



2. t)u werbej! gett)Drben/ or 
n)orben,fei)tt, thou shalt 

have become 



3. dr ttjirb genjorbeit/ or 3. (Jr tt)erbe gcworbeti, or 
njorbeu, fepn, he shall, ujorben, fe^ti, he shall 

or will, have become have become 



Plural. 



Plural. 



i, 3Bir ttjerben gewovbett, or 1. SBirmerben genjorben, or 

mcrben, fepn, we shall noorbett, fet)n, we shall 

have become have become. ^ 

2. 3&r ttjerbet genjorben/ or 2. S^^ werbet gemorben, or 

ttjorben, fet)n, you shall, , worben, fe^n, you shall 

or will, have become have become 



3. ©ie ttjerbcn gen^otben, or 
ttjorbctt, fei)n , they 

shall , or will , have 
become. 



3. @ie werben gemorben, or 
iDOrbcn fepm they sballj 
have become. 



Third Auxiliary. 53 

First Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

1. 3cl) itjurbe rDcrben, I should, or would, become 

2. ^xx n:)urbejl njcrben, thou shouldst, or wouldst, become 

3. ^r it)Urt)e werberir be should, or would, become 

Plural. 

1. 2Btr rtjurben werberr, we should, or would, become 

2. S^^ ttJurbet tuerfcen, you should, or would, become 

3. @te tt)Urfcen werben, they should, or would, become. 



Second Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

1. Sc& njurbe genoorben, or n)orben, fepn, I should, or 

would, have beconie 

2. Su ttjurbejl gemorben, or itjorben/ fe^n, thou shouldst, 

or wouldst, have become 

3. Qx tt)urbe gettjorben, or tt)orben/ fe^^n, he should, or 

would, have become 

Plural. 

1. SBir rtjurben geitjorben, or ttjovbeit/ fe^n, we should, or 

would, have become 

2. 3^t «5urbet genjorben^ or jtjorben, fepn, you should, or 

would, have become 

3. ©ie ttjurten geitjorben, or wjorben, fepn, they should, 

or would, have become. 



54 Auxiliary Kerhs^ 

IMPERATIVE. 

Singular. Plural. 

(1. SBerten mx , lot us be- 
come) 

2. 2Berl)e(Du), become thou 2. SBerbet (i()r), become 

(you) 

3. SBerbeer, let him become. 3. 2Berfcen fie, let them be- 

come. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, SBerben, to become 

Preterperf. ©emorten, or njorben, fc^n, to have become 

Future, 2Berten rDert)en/ to be about to become. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, SBerbent, becoming 
Preterite, ©erDOrbetl/ or ttJOrbeil/ become. 



REGULAR COxNJUGATION. 

Active Voice. 

Soben, to praise : 

£obe; Sobete, or lobte; ©elobet, or geJcbt 



Regular Conjugation, 00 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 
Singular. Singular. 

1. 3c^ lobe, I praise 1. 5c^ lobe, (if) I praise 

2. ©II lobejl, or (objl, thou 2. Dulobejl, (if) thou praise 

praisest 

3. (5r (obet, or lobt, he 3. Sr lobe, (if) he praise. 

praises 

Plural. Plural. 

1 5Bir lobeH/ we praise 1. 9Bir (obeH/ >ve praise 

2. 2()f lobet, or (obt, you 2. 3^^^ \^^^i, you praise 

praise 

3« Sie (Oben, they praise. 3. ©ie loben, they prise. 

Preterimperfect. 

Singular. Singular. 

1. 3c^ l^htz, I praised 1. Jd) Icbete, (if) I praised 

2. Du lobtejl, thou prais- , 2. 2}u lobetejl, (if) thou 

edst praised 

3. 5r lobte, he praised 3. (^r (obete, he praised 

Plural. Plural. 

jl. ^Bir lobteri/ we praised 1. 2Bir lobeten, we praised 

1 2. ^\x (obtetr you praised 2. 2()r (obetet, you praised 

3. (SiMobteil/ they praised. 3. @ie (obeteit, they praised. 



Preterperfect. 



j Singular. Singular. 

jl. 3c^ lS>^be gelobt, I have l. 3c^ ]:)Ci.H gelobt, (if) I 

I praised have praised 



56 Regular Cofijuijaiion, 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

2. ^u Ijajl gelobt, thou hast 2. Su ^a6efl9e!obt,(if) thou 

praised have praised 

3. ^r \^ai gdobt, he has 3. ^r ^abe gelobt, (if) he 

praised have praised 

Plural. Plural. 

1. aSir l^aben gelobt, we i. 2Bir ^aben gelobt, (if; 

have praised we have praised 

2.3^1* ^(tbt gelobt, you 2. Sfjr^abetgelobt, youhave 

have praised praised 

3. ®ie l^aben gelobt, they 3» ^ie fjaben 9^I^^t, they 
have praised. have praised. 



Preterpluperfect. | 

Singular. Singular. 

1. S* Mte gelobt, I had 1. S* W^^ Q^lobt, (if) I 

praised had praised 

2. ^u l^attejl gerobt, thou 2. ^uf^attejl:ge(obt,(if)thou 

hadst praised had praised 

3. (ix ^rttte gerobt, he had 3. ^r l^atte gelobt, he had 

praised praised 

Plural. Plural. 

1. SBir l^atten gelobt, we i. 2Bir l^dtten gelobt, we 

had praised had praised 

2. S^r ]^Mzi gelobt, you 2. 31)^ ^attet gelobr, you 

had praised had praised 

3> ©ie batten gelobt, they 3. ©ie ^^iUn geloU, they 

had praised. had praised. 



Acti'vc Voices 



57 



INDICATIVE. 

First 
Singular. 
!• 3* ttJerfce (oben, I shall 

praise 

2. Du mtrjl loben, thou 

shall, or wilt, praise 

3» Sr wirb (oben, he shall, 

or will, praise 

Plural. 

1. SBir werben loben, we 

shall praise 

2. %\)X werbet (oben, you 

shall, or will, praise 

3. ©ie werben lob«^n, they 

shall, or will, praise. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Future. 

Singular. 

1. Z^ njerbe (oben, (if) I 

shall praise 

2. 5)u wcrbejl (obeii/ thou 

shalt praise* 

3» (5r rt)erbe loben, he shall 
praise 

Plural. 

1. SBir ttjerbett loben, we 

shall praise 

2. S^J^ werbet loben / you 

shall praise 

3. ©ie werben (oben, they 

shall praise. 



Second Future. 



Singular. 

1. %i\ werbe gefobt l^aben, 

I shall have praised 

2. Du tt)irfl gelobt \i<x^z% 

thou shalt have prais- 
ed, etc. 



Singular, 

1. Sc^werbege(obt^abcn,(if) 

I shall have praised 

2. t)u werbejl gelobt ^(xH% 

(if) thou shalt have 
praised, etc. 



First Future Conditional. 

Singular. 
1, 5d? iDurbe loben, I should, or would, praise 
j2. Du iDUrbejl loben, thou shouldst, or wouldst, praise 
I 3. @r njurbe loben, he should, or would, praise 



58 Regular Conjugation. 

Plural. 

1. 5Bir wurben loben, we should, or would, praise 

2. 5(^r xoixxlzi (oben, you should, or would, praise 

3. ®ie IDUrten lOben/ they should, or would, praise. 

Second Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

1. S* toxxxlz gelobt ^aben, I should, or would, have 

praised 

2. ©u wiirtejl gelobt liaben, thou shouldst, or wouldst, 

have praised 

3. @r tt)urbe gelobt (^rtbeii/ he should, or would, have 

praised ^ 

- Plural. 

1. Wxx wurben gefobt ^aben, we should, or would, have 

praised 

2» S^J^ xoixx^ti gelobt ^aben, you should, or would, have 

praised 

3. ©ie wurben gelobt fjaberi/ they should, or would, have 

praised. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Singular. Plural. 

(1. ?Oben XOXX, let us praise) 

2. 2oN (bu), praise (thou) 2. £obet or Iobt)(i^r), praise 

(you) 

3. 2obe er, praise he, or 3. Sobcn (le, praise they, 

let him praise. or let them praise. 



Passive Voice. 



59 



I.NFIxMTIVE. 

Present, Sobcn, to praise 

Preterperf. ©elobt ^aben^ to have praised 

Future, 2oben XOiXtzn, to be about to praise. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, 2obenl>, praising 
Preterite, ©elobet, or gelobt, praised. 



Passive Voice. 

©elobt merten, to be praised. 
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 



Singular. 

1. Sc^ werte gelobt/ I am 

j praised 

2. Su iDirfl gefobt thou art 
praised 

3. gr wirb gelobt, he is 

praised 

Plural. 

1. SDBir werten gelobt, we 

are praised 

2. 3^1' njcrfcet gelobt, you 

are praised 

3. eie roertcn gclobt/ they 
ared praised. 



Singular, 
be praised 

2. J)u tt)erbe(l gelobt, (if) 

thou be praised 

3. gr werbe gelobt, (if) be 

be praised 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir iDerben gelobt, (if) 

we be praised 

2. St>r roerbct gelobt, (if) 

you be praised 

3. ®ie werben gelobt, (if) 

they be praised. 



m 



Regu lar Conjugat ion. 



INDICATIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Singular. 

1. 5* ttjurbe (or tt)rtrt) ge^ 

(obt, I was praised 

2. Du wurtejl (or wartjt) 

9ClObt, thou wast pr. 

3. ^r ttjurbe (or rDtub) ge- 

lobt, the was praised 
Plural. 

1. W\x wurben gelobt, we 

were praised 

2. 3^^^ ttJurbet gelobt, you 

were praised 

3. ®je ttjurbcn gclobt, they 

were praised. 



Preterimperfect. 



Singular. 

1. 3* ttJurbe gclobt, (if) I 

were praised 

2. X5u ttjurbeft gdobt, (if) 

thou wert praised 

3. ^r Jt5urbe gelobt, (if) he 

were praised 
Plural. 

1. 3Bir wurben gclobt, we 

were praised 

2. 3!^f wiirbet gefebt, you 

were praised 

3. ©ie tt)urben gelobt, they 

were praised. 



Singular. 

1. 5c^ ^tn gelobt worben, I 

have been praised 

2. Su bifl ge(obt worben, 

thou hast been pr. 

3. Sr ijl gelobt ttjorben, he 

has been praised 

- Plural. 

1. 2Bir finb gelobt worbeit, 

we have been praised 

2. Sl^r fepb gelobt worben, 

you have been pr. 

3» @ie finb gelobt worben, 

they have been pr. 



Preterperfect. 



Singular. 

1. 3^^ f^9 9^(obt ttjorben, (if) 

I have been praised 

2. Dufe9ejlgeIobt»t)orben,(if) 

thou have been praised 

3. Sr fet) ge(obt worben, (if) 

he have been praised 

Plural. 

1. SBir fe^en gelobt rDorben, 

we have been praised 

2. 3^r f^^^b gelobt worben, 

you have been praised 

3. ®ie fepen gelobt njorben, 

they have been praised. 



Passive Voice • 



61 



INDICATIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Preterpluperfect. 



Singular. 

1. 2c^ tt)ar gelobt worben, 

T had been praised 

2. Du ttjarejl gelobt morben, 

thou hadst been pr. 

3. (Jr tt)ar ge(obt worben/ 

he had been praised 

Plural. 

1. SBir waren gelobt morben, 

we had been praised 

2. Z'^x tt)arct gefobt tt^orben, 

you had been praised 

3. @ie waren gelobt morbeit/ 

they had been pr. 



Singular. 

1. 3c^ n)dre gelcbt ruorben^ 

(if) I had been pr. 

2. ^u warejl gelobt worbeit, 

(if) thou had been pr. 

3. Sr mdre gelobt rtorben, 

(if) he had been pr. 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir wuren gelobt wcrbett, 

(if) we had been pr. 

2. S!?'^ xcixzi 9e(obt rtorbett/ 

(if) you had been pr. 

3. ©ie rodren gelobt worben, 

(if) they had been pr. 



First Future. 



Singular. 

1. Sc^ merbe gelobt werben, 

I shall be praised 

2. Du tt)irj! gelobt tuerben, 

thou shalt, or wilt, be 
praised 

3. Sr ttJirb gelobt werben/ 

I he shall, or will, be p. 

I Plural. 

|1. 2Bir ttjerben gelobt ttjer- 

j ben, we shall be or. 



Singular. 

1. 3c& merbe gelobt merben, 

(if) I shall be pr. 

2. ^11 merbejl gelobt njcr- 

ben / thou shalt be 
praised 

3. @r njerbe gelobt werben^ 

he shall be praised 

Plural. 
1. aBir werben gelobt mer- 
ben vve shall be pr. 



62 



Regular Conjugation. 



INDICATIVE. 

2. 5^r tozxUt gelobt wer- 

tetl/ you shall, or will, 
be praised. 

3. ®ie werbcn gelobt roer- 

ten, they shall, or will, 
be praised. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

2. S^J^ wertet gelobt votx^ 

ten , you shall be 
praised. 

3. ®ie njerten gelobt wer- 

ten, they shall be 
praised. 



Second Future. 



Singular. 

1. 5c^ werte gelobt wor- 

sen fei^n, I shall have 
been praised 

2. Du wirfl gelobt ttorten 

fe|E)n/ thou shalt have 
been praised 

3. Sr wirb gelobt worten 

fepn, he shall have 
been praised 

Plural. 

1. Wvc werten gelobt tt>or- 

ten feil^n, we shall have 
been praised 

2. 3^^^ roertet gefobt wor- 

ben fepn, you shall have 
been praised 

3. ®ie wcrben geJobt morben 

fepn, they shall have 
been praised. 



Singular. 

1. 3c^ rterbe gelobt worben 

fei^, (if) I shall have 
been praised 

2. X)u iverbejl gelobt n)crben 

fepn, thou shalt have 
been praised 

3. 6r iDerbe gelobt iDorben 

fe^n, he shall have 
been praised 

Plural. 
1. SBtr werben geiobt wor* 
ben fe^n, we shall have 

been praised 

3. ©ie werben gelobt wor- 
benfepn, you shall have 
been praised 

3« @ie merben gelobt n)or- 
ben fepn, they shall 
have been praised. 



Passive Voice. - 63 

First Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

1. 5* wurbe gelobt werfcen, 1 should be praised 

2. Du njurbejl gelobt werten, thou shouldst, or wouldst, 

be praised 

3. @r njurbe gelobt ruerten, be should, or would, be 

praised 

Plural. 

1. SBir wurfcen gclobt iDerbcn, we should, or would, be 

praised 

2. S^^r tt)uri)ct gelobt xctxltn, you should, or would, be 

praised 

3. ®ie wiirten gelobt rrerten, they should, or would, be 

praised. 

Second Future Conditional. 

Singular. 

1. 5^ wurbe gelobt worben fe^n, I should have been 

praised 

2. ^u iDurliejl gelobt worten fe^n^ thou shouldst, or 

wouldst, have been praised 

3. @r iDurbe geJobt roorten fe^n, he should, or would, 

have been praised 

Plural. 

1. Sffiir tt)urben gelobt luorten fepn, we should have been 

praised 

2. 3?l^f wiirtct gelobt morten fci?n, you should, or would, 

have been praised 

3. ®ie murten 9e(o^t )[t)orten fe^n, they should, or would, 

have been praised. 



64 

Regular Conjugation. 



IMPERATIVE. 

Singular. Plural. 

(1. SBerbcn mx gelobt^ let 

us be praised) 

2. 2Berbe (bu) gelobt, be 2. SBerbet (i^r) geloM, be 

thou praised you praised 

3. SSerfce er gefobt, be he 3. 5Berben jle gefobt, be 

praised, or let him they praised, or let 

be praised. them be praised. 

INFINITIVE. 

Present, ©elobt ttjerben, to be praised 
Preterperf. ©elobt ttJOrben fei)n, to have been praised 
Future, SBerten gelobt werbeii/ to be about to be 

praised. 

OBSERVATION. 

The particle JDOrbeil, of the auxiliary, is used for 
the conjugation of the passive voice, in preference to 
gCWOrtcn. Sometimes that participle is entirely omitted: 

as, 3c^ Mn gelobet, for gelobt worben. 



Irregular Verbs, 65 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

RULES. 

1. The irregularity consists, chiefly, in the preter- 

imperfect tense , and the preterite participle. Several 
verbs are also irregular in the present tense, and some 
in the imperative mood. 

2. The first person plural of the present tense, is 
always like the infinitive, and the two remaining per- 
sons are thence conjugated regularly. 

3. The third person singular of the preterimperfect 
tense, is constantly the same with the first 5 the other 
persons follow, in their terminations, the example of 
the regular verb. 

4. In the subjunctive mood, the preterimperfect tense 
receives, in the first and third persons singular, an e at the 
end; and changes the vowels a, 0, It, into the diphthongs d, 
C, it : for example, %^ bat, 1 begged — subjunctive, idfe V^Xz ; 

id^ l^ob, I lifted — sub. l^obe; t^ tru9,Ibore — sub.truge. To 

this change of the vowels there are some exceptions, re- 
specting which the Grammar must be consulted, p. 289. 2. 

5. In the imperative, it is only the second person 
singular , that is ever irregular. 

6. The infinitive mood is to be considered as the root, 
from which all the regular parts of the verb are derived. 

7. In the following list, some verbs are marked with 
a single star, and a few others with a double : the first 
are such, of which the regular form is, at present 
equally in use with the irregular ; the second such, of 
which the irregular form is almost become obsolete, and 
which it is now more proper to conjugate regularly. 



66 



Irregular Ferbs, 





u 




|M^ 




CU 




*P* 




« 




A^ 




^ 




ce 




P^ 




• 

4^ 




V 




&^ 


• 


0-( 


cc 


• 


aQ 


^rf 
y 


0} 


.«^ 


Cz3 




;> 




fii 




< 




^ 


V 

.1.^ 


;;j 




a 


p-l 


u 




D5 




05 


• 


»M« 


> 




»w* 




4^ 


C£3 


<« 


W 


(-1 


H 




b 


t->4 


O 


• 




V 


H 




a? 


4-» 


iJ 






'ts 


l4 


t— 1 


•ai 


• 

03 


Q 


o 


pM^ 


;^ 


H 


P^ 


» 




03 




-a- 




S 




P^ 




^ 




<ti 






o 


Z 


> 


< 


• 1-4 




fi 





S 








s 


^ 


s 




c 


o 


C5> 


o> 




^> 


tJ 


C 


^s 




v^ 






o 




iH- 


o 


&> 


o 




^> 


<35 








wc> 




S 


<j:> 




vsa 


•t* 








S. 


s 


«> 


o 




«> 


^c» 


x» 


iC» 




lO 



C «v> ^ CSS 'ii- 

o ^ o o o 

«) -X* ^C* •iO ^ 

^ <i> c>> o <i> 

rfi C5i <5) <3) <^ 



^ .^ o « o 

^ w& ^jo .o **=» 






**^ ««^ ••^ 



CO 

c4 



(N CO 



5=$ w 



<N Ok 






CO ^ 



0) 



5 S? 





4^ 




'n 




«» 




fl 




a 




c3 




*pM 

rt 




B 




.A 
O 


O 

• •ii4 


s 

o 
o 

o 


o 


4-) 


+J 


4^^ 


4^ 




«»M 






$5 


o 




"fej 


£5 


o 




<3 


Jo 




«4— 


^ 
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o 
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QJ I— 1 



C/3 ••- 

a; 
O 

4-S 



U 



o 



o 

C 
o 
o 












^ 









Irregular Verbs, 



67 



4J 



u 



V 



o 

s 



I > 



i CO 

I « 

I :^ 

iPH 



s 









! > 
































C3d 


















(h 


/•v 
















o 


s 
















'**' 










s 




fit 


c 


V 


o 


S 


n 




iS: 


<35 
O 


<3> 








S 


-1^ 


^ 


,0 


'^^ 


s 


o 


o 




s 


o 






*-* 


X2 


-x> 




^£i 


>x> 


^ 


o 


O 


o 


o 


Q> 




o 


o 


^ 


>c> 


Ud 


kO 


«) 


c» 




c» 


«> 


CO 






V 

CSS 

o 



<3S 

o 



o 

O 



o o 



V 




V 


io 


^ 


•O 


c 


Q» 


« 


« 


^i*^ 


k£> 


«£> 


^£» 



o 






^ -e* 



V 

r: 



CO 
CO 

o 



o 
;4 






cs 

O 

V 

c 

o 
••3 

<^ 

u 
O 

V 









o 









^ 
^ 



Q> 






V 

2 







^ 












• V4 












^ 












O 












4^ 












V 












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* 


^ 




•^ 




^ 


'T3 


c 


-u^ 


^C 




cs 


CJ 


O 


bO 


o 


5 

CO 


^ 


>2 


^ 


u 
^ 


f— ^ 

^ 




o 


o 


C 


o 


o 


A 








4>» 


4^ 




V 


V 


V 






o 

4-« 


c 

o 
<» 




JO 


s 


V 

i3i 




o 


o 


r: 


-t-» 


« 






n3 
o 



Q. 



CO (M 

o *- 
CO JS 

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CO *- 



Q 



bC bC 
o •; 



CO 






«0 
• >■• 






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68 



Irregular 



Verbs, 



U 

« 



« r: n 

O Q> c> 

>rfi <x> ^*^ 

^j> C> O 



^ S s 

*> J=> ^ 



o 



CR C35 C» <3J «> *=" 



o 

O) CO 



o 



C35 






Cm 






V 
O 



- - -S^ f I t 

j^ t* i* s-> 



^ "B .^ 






W 
id 






CI 



C6 



iO 






OS 

o 

u 



«^ CO 



iO .A 



V 

• 1-4 

o 



o 

CO 

'<3 



•«\ 



> 






4ii3 


^ 




fciD 


•M 


03 


rt 


t/3 


cd 


JS 


S 




o 


3 


o 




O 




1— 1 


O 


O 

4-» 


o 

4^ 




o 




i^ 


V 






r: 












V 


c: 






sC» 


*s^ 


« 


'S^ 


o 


ss 




«*>* 


>** 


:-» 


o 


S-» 


• «-» 




o 

s 


7^ 


it 


w 

^ 


vt 





Q 





ctf 




j:; 






bO 




CO 


/■•y 


-^ 






03 
(-1 


bO 


^ 


^ 




J3 




• I-» 






4-» 


P 


.4 


O 




o 


o 


o 


V 




■<-» 

V 


4^ 


V 


c: 




c 


S 




en 


o 

4^ 




OS 


«M 


c 




c^ 













Irregular Verbs, 



69 









JO 

<3) 



H 






o 



St 

Si- 

s 



o 



o 






O S 
rr o 



o 



o 



&# 
^ 









Si. 
o 






en 



, V 


f s 


JO 






o 


>x> 


5X> 


I;j 


V 


^^ 


« 


o 


« 


.^ 


V 


U— 






«s 


s^ 


»■ 


ft. 


». 


^ 


<^m^ 


o 


y» 


s 


s 








o 


o 


c> 


^ 


^ 


o 



s. 
O 



o 

> 



lis. 



-s- 



o 



o 



> 

1 MM 






<5 



-a <N 









fO 



«2: c2- tc tpi 

ft- ft- Si- ft- 

s s s s 

O O CJ^ O' 

i^ 0^ C^ CO 



> 

i "^ ft 






^ 



(^ 



> 

O 
O 

a> 

o 

V 

«?. 

«> 

s 

ft- 
S 



^ 
s 

V 

a 



o 
u 

u 



ft. 






«5 



u 


>-i 




u 


;i 


o 


$H 


^H 




o 


p 


'cS 


p- 


p. 


o 




o 


l-H 


c:5 


o 


CO 


;-l 


c 


w: 


H-l 


O 




o 


o 


o 


V 

c 

o 


V 


V 




s 

.5 


S" 


tti. 


o 


ft- 


n 











CO 

O 
O 

-S3 
o 

o 

V 

« 
%» 

»^ 

O 

c 
-=: 

w 






JS 

CO 



C 
O 






o 






70 



Irregular Verbs, 



a> 



^ 




:= 








• 
1^ 


o 


s-> 


V 


g 


g 


;- 






r» 


:-• 


w 


H- 


<^ 


o 


*^ 






O 






O 






cZ 






$- 






V 






Ci- 






S 




V 




^ 


«W» 


'si 


SJ 


<5 


c< 


O 


w 


o 


g 


g 


u 

^ 










• 






> 






• p4 






*^ 




^ 


ce 




^ 


&« 




'•^ 


«* 




v» 


Oh 




g 


h-4 
















<3 











«:5 


<3 


«s 


« 


v^_ 


til. 


**i- 


u— 


^ 


o 


^ 


«> 


cn 


<35 


<3J 

V 


c» 



s 



5> US- s 

yi. u_J «^ 



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o 

CO 



s ^ s s 



s^ 

o 



c^ 



u 
o 






CO 



O 






£ 



u 

Q 



KSa 



d «o 







-TS 






Q» 






ti 






0) 






^-> 




^ 


^ 




fi 


ac 




s 






o 


Cm 


> 


CO 


<U 


■us 


W 


J3 


»0^ 






S 


o 


O 


c^ 


iW 


4^ 


s: 






t— ( 


V 

s 


V 




^ 


Q> 




^=s 


tJ 




« 


^ 




g 


g 




w 






^ 

* 





*cft 

o 



513 



i: 5- <3> 
«*— <*- tir. 



cr: TO 



cc 



<^ *^ H-^ <i^ ^ 









O 









eo 



<N CO C^ C^» ^J 



• •\ 


tiC 








0) 


«0 








bC 

C 










'^ 


rt 








?M 


c;> 








c« 










u 


rt 








rt 


S 








> 

•T3 


«pri 






^ 


o 

bC 

C 




=2 


o 

o 




4^ 




o 


O 


O 

4^ 


«> 


o 


4^ 


4-a 




o 


*J 


V 


V 




en 






s: 










s 


eo 




eo 


* 


eo 



Irregular Verbs, 



71 









C=L fe. ni- d 

^« ^» o o 

<3J CS) CS) CT 



£5 ^ = 



C55 



s 
o 









V 

O 
i5l 



g:> ICG. «» ^*^ 

o o ^ 2 

Q^ ^^ <*— i*— 





&» 


<s 


o 


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JC* 


:^ 


O 


Ck> 




OS 


<3& 



o 


























> 


























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V 


















o 




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a 


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ta-ri 


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iE 


tci- 












£. 






^ 


















-iJ' 


«u> 






' > 


^ 


^^ 














<» 


tia. 






•r 

^« 

• 

CO 


o 

v./ 
















Si* 

CO 


CO 






&4 






«5. 


Qi- 




r 






^1. 








&4 

i 


o 
o 


tCL 


CC 

o 


tfO 




' 


CQ 




C^ 


* 

s 

o 


S 




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CO 








o 

5 




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O 




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• «s 




'3 




o 




o 






<« 


u 


o 


^m 


o 






4^ 




4^ 








^ 


i^ 


(-1- 


o 


o 


o 

4^ 






CC 


o 


o 


CD 

a 

Q 


O 




o 




*J 


•^ 


V 




*- 


WD 


+J 


•^ 




^ 


*J 














.s 






V 


V 




V 




^ 


s 


<i> 




<55 




o 




<3 
5^ 


*j 


w 
o 






s 


S 
^ 




£ 




^ 


S 








*sl» 



© 





fcD 






C 






**^ 






u 






Si 






o 






^^ 






V. 






c 




4^ 


«> 




s 


w 




Q 


•« 




3 






i^ 


CS5 




a 


C 




o 






4-' 


X, 


«^ 










4ta» 


^M' 






i* 


•i* 




o 


O 


itt^ 


&^ 


•■cs 


•"tn 


,X> 


VO 




••« 


o 





© ® 



72 



Irnegular Verhs. 






■ M< 




Vi 






o 







/— N 




'4^ 




c 




1^. 

• 

P^ 







■♦-♦ 









c J- 

CO en 

o c»> •s^ 

C5) CJ) «5) 






<3> 



«> 


v^ 








S5 


c: 








<5> 


cs; 



$-1 
o 



<3) 



O 



o 



sO 






o 






_ __ "o « <s 

'=^ ^ "S- -H ^ 

Q3 <5) <33 «> 












o 



CC ■ — 

• ^> 

;^ ^^ <« 

■5 •- ^ 

2 «* e^ 

'-§ CO ^ 

^ * o 






P 6P 

o 

4-» 






o 

CO 

i=i 

«^— 

o 

c4 



o 
o 

o 

s 

O 

c> ^ 
'^ 



© ® 



(4 

O) 

Ph 
en 

O 
?- 
P- 

o 

c: 

o 

<^ 
o 

7t 






O 



o 









o 

en 



p2 "^ 



CI 

o 

CO 

o 

P4 






^ h ^ 



« 


rt 


« 


CO 







rt 


• C\ 





03 

Ph 


^ 

^ 


;3 

CO 





^ 




4-> 


4-' 





V 


V 


H-J 


s: 


c 







<i> 


^ 

c 


en 


*3 


yi. 


<3 








o 

P 

o 

o 
+^ 

o 



•H 



P- 

P 



o 

CO 



o 



I— t 
P 



<^ 



o 



ts) €) © 



CO 

c 




4^ 

CO 

O 
O 

o 

4-» 



CO 
CO 
O 

P 



O 

u 

o 
o 

o 

4-* 



O 

P 

O 






Irregular Verbs, 



73 



'5 






r: 









S C Q> Q^ 

g £ ^ - 

£ en *Sj ^ 

O C> C> o 

c» c» t» c© 



n 






o 






£ 


C 


C 


J , 


^> 


^> 


i^ 


go 


fe 


o 


« 






w 


t^ 


ca 


«3J 


ca 


Ck> 


C^ 


o 


r?) 


«> 


Cf> 





n 


S 


«^ 


o 


«3 


"^^ 




^M* 


•i« 


ts 


<s 


tX^ 


ge^ 


o 


o 


o> 


c» 



U 
O 









<3 

t» c» rjj 






C» C?5 



<3J CR 



«> 

c 









9 


















^ 




1^ 


















JO 




M«^ 


















"ts 




re 


S 


^ 














03 






«> 


>£3s 














c.*: 




c 


* *a^ 














" 


■%. 




^-1 


s 


^ 














<ti 




• 


















.£> 




<A 


o 


O 














-c; 




a 


c» 


<3i 














:^ 




p*rf 


















ca 




P>4 


c4 


fd 






0) 




€N 






^^ 




c 


</5 


*re 




S 










o 


""■ 


O 


CO 

re 




s 










o 

M>4 




r>. 








O 




^ 








• 




o 


o 

4-tf 




o 




o 






re 




P. 
re 


S 


C 


p 
^ 












o 


C 


-^ 


« 


> 






^ 


CO 




fc£) 


0'= 




o 

4^ 


o 

4J 


o 


o 




o 


O 




^ 


• P^ 




V 


€V 


V 


o 


o 


4-> 


V 


>^ 


o 


o 




ts. 


0) 


s 


+-> 


a>J 




s 


r~^ 


4— 


4^ 


1 


WO 


o 

n3 








V 


H 
S 


s 








^ 2 



^_i 


<3i 




«•« 


C 




,Ci- 


*«s 




4 


JS^ 




^-^ 


• 




>■ • 


ffO 




V 


*^ 




tti- 


tt^ 




<*i^ 


CS) 




*« 


c 




d^ 


*« 




♦ 


• 




r) 


• 

5 

CO 






a> 


• 




-Q 


rJ 
O 




O 

4-^ 


c 




r- 


^ 




bC 


t< 


^ 


& 


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1— ( 

o 


re 


}>► 


^ 


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o 

4^ 


o 

4^ 






V 

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74 



Irregular f^e^bs. 






o 









CJ) c» c» 



n 






c 

.^ 




* ^a^ 


^ 


«M 


«M 


«> 


c^ 


OJ 


C33 



a; 
S 



o 



p^ jTP .s:^ ^Ci" 






<» 

S 









p. 



^JR- 



cs 

• 1-4 






»sa 


o 


^ 


««M# 


!£&. 


^.it^ 


o 




u— 


vi^ 


o 


^^ 


?- 


,iX=^ 


•x^ 


© 


U^ 




^,-./' 


O 


CO 


^ 


N— • 








^ 
£ 


«SCS- 

***** 


J^ 




Ci> 


O 


v#**^_ 


X?- 


yS> 





(N fO c* 









o 








te 








4^ 






• 


C3 






4«^ 








4- 

c 






^ 




g 






« 


o 




CP 


f— ^ 


ra 






c 


+^ 


• 


-C 


o 


C 






o 


> 




o 

4- 




O 

4J 












> 
a 


r- 




■ P4 


t-7 


6 


HH 


o 

*-> 


O 


O 


rt 

C 


o 

4^ 








♦^ 

o 






J3 










s 


o> 


KSa- 




«^ 




to 




c 


.^3 






■s— 




;^ 




i^;^ 
^ 












^ 



<sp; 



o 
o 

en 

o 



o 

44> 



cv ^ 



c 



4- 

•»■ 



s 
c 



V 



Irregular f^erhs. 



75 



^ 



^^ o n 



s 




•S" 




'c 


o 


Ct-» 


»-» 


o 


Q> 


CR 


O 





c 




c: 


•«i* 


^ 


C 


o 


s 




^ 

••»» 




o 


^ 


u> 


z^ 


«)-> 


Ck* 


n^ 


«!-» 


o 


o 


Cb> 


O 


CO 


C?) 


c» 


05 



SB 



o 
.Si* 

On 



> 

• put 

V 

£ 






c c: 



^ 






w w :^ 
su» <M cu 



V 



c; 



c: 









o 






s 

i s i s e^ "r 

S « S g ^ 



<M 



«-» 



"•O 



ro 



«u «.» 



*<3 






C^) 






^ g 

5 o 



^ 
u 

c 



o 

s 



o o 



O 



V 



= 5 = 

^ tit. ^ 

J3 o c> S- 

•^ C C Q 

«=; '5:; C<s^ ^ 






4^ 



'O 
^ 





& 




^ 




C3 


■4 


1— H 


cc 


s 


a 


*(>it 


Sh 




o 


« 


cr 


A 


O 


O 


•^ 


4- 


V 


V 


<ii^ 


c 


S> 


o 


-s- 


t;^ 




>■ «M» 


. 


o 


o 


s-» 


Ut 

^ 


* 



o 

o 






c^^ 



o 



o 

JO 



4-:^ 



76 



Irregular Verbs, 









o 
O) 






§ '<S S" 

Q> c> ^> 
C» O) c» 



CO 
«5> 









o 












o 






c» 






o 



> 



(-1 






> 

C3 






o u 

w o 



CO 






C^ CO c^) 



o 



o 

CO 

<0 



o 


V 












> 


p^ 






^ 








o 






en 






i-H 


i-H 


rt 


o 


o 


o 






O 

4^ 


1— < 


V 


4-» 

V 


+* 

^ 


O 




V. 


o 


s 


s 


c 


s. 




c 


4-> 


»2i 


o 


^> 


s 




.^ 






ja 


^E> 


l^ 








« 
o? 


©^ 







I 

p 

o 

o 



CD 

U 



CO 






CO 



o 

(O 



(O 

• 1-4 

C 

t PM 

H 



(O 



t5 
S-l 

o 






o 



V 

o 
• •ii^ 



"IS 












o 

S CO 









irregular Verbs, 



77 



« 














Xi 














w^ 














^^ 














.ar 














o 














• mm 






























e 


C 


c 

^ 


S5 






* 




,*^ 
^ 








*•> 

o 

1^ 


^*^* 


o 


<^ 


o 


s 


is 


H 


s 


ua. 




s 


p^ 




CO 




iS 






• 

4^ 












• 


u 














c2 




























CJ 















<i> 








o 


<3 


C 


S 


«> 


«» 


<» 


<3> 



1 <y 



^ 5i iCa. ^ 

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V 

^ 



o 

s 








«;^ 


s^ 




vO^ 


s 


<S 


<s 


« 


s; 






<0 

u 
Cm 



s 



o 

a 



03 






«*i- ^^5 "-^S 



o 



ISO. «f^ 



S S 5 

o5 o> r6 



V 



3 

"i i 

5 



S 



5 S 






CO 

O 



> 



V 

c 



O 



P 






w 






4.^ O V. 



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is 



o 

o 

O 
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r3 

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O 

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fe> ^ 



o 


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eg 


c 






s 



■i8 



Irregular Ferbi\ 



• mm 



CO 






c 


c: 


r: 


o 


,^> 


^ 


<3J 




*fc= 


O 


«> 


^1^ 


t=i- 


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». 


»- 


». 


o 


o 


o 


c» 


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c» 



o 
S 






.c; 



£». A- S^ 



s 






P4 



3 



> 






HP* 

to 

u 



C) 00 



4-* 



d 



te 










a- 





S-. 


(/i 




o 


>»« 




>^ 


C« 




"o 






o 






^^ 


o 


•-4 


u 


■*^ 


CD 


0) 

«3 


o 


-^ 
> 


a 




^ 


o 


q;) 


o 


4^ 


o 


•M 


V 


4i^ 


^ 


n 


V 


e: 


cu 


JJJ 


^ 


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^ 


lt= 


«>> 






?n 


0» 




7^ 


W 


a- 


^ 



d 



o 



u 

a 

OB 

o 






Sf^ 






O 

09 



p 


O) 




V 


CO 




> 


> 




a 


ni 




o 


C3 




it-j 


O 




V 


^M 


'/J 


n 




a) 


ft> 


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fcJ3 


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* 
^ 


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Irregular t^erbs, 79 



• 
4^ 


go 


1^ 




-«-» 

c 
s 


^ 








« 


u 


u» 


w 


s^ 


s^ 


Ph 


o 


o 


^ 


<^ 


c» 


<3) 


c» 


c» 


• 










y 










u 










C~i 










SU 










o 










t ^ 










' fl 










v-l 










• -^ 








V 


u 








o 


^ 








-k^ 


M 


V 




V 


c: 


CJ 


Jd 


V 


•«-« 


^H* 


=- 


Ck> 


(£D. 


-«-♦ 


« 


Ph 


n 


W 


n 


l-» 





sr 


s 




aM 


o> 


^ 


^«* 


o 


«) 


n 




^ 


rj 


c 


^ 


o 


s 


o 


3" 


w 


^^ 


&« 


:-• 


o 


o 


o 


a> 


c» 


c» 


<» 


c» 



r<0 






_i^ «i s 

o « « 

S>» W Si 



^> o 






fl 5h _ ^ O is o 

00^ •- O o G 



0^0 



o 






•^ 



80 Irregular f^erhs. 



u 

CO 

• 


s 

.0 













s 

















c 




o 


s 


S 


^^ 


s 


^ 


g 


g 


^ 


s 


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g 


5* 


u 


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Co. 




Oi 






0^ 




0=- 






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Q> 








Q> 


<i> 


■a» 


^ 





<s> 


<3) 


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cs 


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rsi 


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t» 


€» 


c» 


OD 


o 

V 












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C*H 






























u 






























a 






























^»» 






























•>-^ 






























a 


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^ 












^ 
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"« 





WO 






3 


t4^ 


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3 


g 




€30 



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^ 


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s 


•e 


s 


.^ 


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g 


g 


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^ 




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0:1 


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v^ 




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0=. 






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«^ «M C Jfv O Q> O •«-» »*rf •*-» "«■-• kaM tmm* 



Irregular f^erbs. 



81 



a> 
































p-« 
































o. 
































»p^ 
































u 

• 






a 

O 




3 






s 




n 

o 

r: 




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a 

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u 

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O 


5* 




*§ 




^ 




g 


s 




g 


g 


g 


g 


g 


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u 










ui 




















•j4 


^ 


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«> 




o 




o 


o 




o 


o 


o 


^ 


o 


M 


C» 




03 




<» 




<» 


<» 




<35 


c» 


<» 


05 


c» 


O 


• 






























^ 


*^ 






























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o 
































^ 






























s 


(n 

































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(0 


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*> 


S 










V 






^ 
















! 0) 






o 




t3) 

S 




V 

s 






V 

O 

s 




V 

O 








i 


« 




^ 




g 




.-s^ 


g 




^ 


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-s* 


•s* 








Oi 








^f— 








^— 


C- 


t^— 


«■»— 


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.t 






























ci; 


#-rf 




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rt 
















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w 


















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'•■• 














f« 


p^ 
















s 














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s 












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g 














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Hi^ 
































• 
































• > 
































'•.■* 






























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■ a 
















V 






^ 








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m 
















S 


s 












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g 


g 








































w 


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^tf 


Ph 
















c^ 


• 












A 








O 




"lo 






















r< 




P>H 


























1 


■"^ 








o 




















•» 




en 
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o 










1 -i 




J^ 
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^ 






p2 


• 

9^ 


4^ 




CN 


2 


c 




bC 






o 






4-< 




"» 

!» 


> 


na 






'o 




c 


i-< 




pm 


AA 


u 






O 


c 


^5 

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o 


o 
o 


o 


s 
o 


5 
o 


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O 

V 


o 

4^ 


O 

S 


a 


o 




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r-^ 




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M 




r: 


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s: 






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o 




15 


<33 


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1 

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4^' 









82 Irregular Verbs, 



4» 



|S 












s 


c: 


c 


















C 


o 


s 


s 




8 




o 
«) 


8 












"^ 


CO 


•4-« 




S3 

o 




o 


3 




o 




n 


•u* 


s: 


S 
«* 




• 


n 
S 






g 




S 


a 


a 


a 
g 










3 




L. 














Oi 










c.^ 








• 


^ 


o 


o 


Ci> 




o 


Q> 


o 


«> 




o 


o 


o 


^ 




«» 


<» 


<:» 


CR 




c» 


«» 


c» 


c» 




c» 


c» 


c» 


c» 




































V 






















- V 










o 

ft. 
.6 














V 


V 


o 


V 










• 








■V 


^ 




/=» 


«) 




s 


U 








« 




^ 




<35 


5=1 




s 




c 


^ 

w 


a 


o 


V 

^ 








-t-i* 


o 


o 




<5 


« 


« 


o 


S 


s^' 


^4-* 




N. 


o 




S 


B 


a 




a 


a 


2 


a 


.«"N. 






<3> 


'o 


S-i 

PL, 


•e 


>S 


■S 


S 




« 


•& 


g 


g 






.« 


o 


« 


09 

O 


«x 


«x 


0=- 






Oi 


0:1 








tl— 


«^» 


^^ 


**" 
































;i4 


•. 






























Q) 


o 






























J3 


>• 






























.lij 
































«* 

^.^ 


^ 
U 








» 






















o 








* ti^' 






















ea. 1 


P4 








e 




























S 






















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^^ 
































a 


a. 






















% 








s 


4^ 






























_. V 


<tf 








_ 














us. 








■4b» 


u 








V 














• 


















S:3 














cry 








i 


>— t 








a 


s 




















# 








^ 


•e' 












O 








<±^ 


O 








w 


tx 












l&L 






































wS- 


114 








ci 


• 












e<i^ 

















o 



*L "^ trt OJ > CO. .-I 5.^ Ji 



c -M -^ . V c 



03 O 



--egg I 5 S s 2 «- - - 

^aa^ aaaa ^S^^ 



Irregular Verbs. 



83 



! '^ 
i " 

i u 

• 















C 


C 








c 


8 






S 




o 


o 


c» 


S 






s 

o 


4-* 










o 


S 

s 


o 

Its. 


s 


S 


l^ 


^"^ 


^ 


o 


w 


w 


:-» 


3 


^Q 


o 


o 


$;». 


'S- 


l^ 


;:». 


^ 


^^ 








cz~ 








t^Z. 






o 


O 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


O) 


« 


O) 


<» 


05 


O) 


CR 


c» 


<» 


c» 


O) 



i ;i4 






s 






'•* Ci z? ^ 

o. .Si « w 
t.^. .a- .su. .o- 



i; ** <s 
a: e c§^ 



o 

> 












V 






o 

o 









o 






T-S CO 



.Si- .»- 



<N CO 



(N CO 



o 

09 

6 












o 

f— t 

O 

s 

o 
o 



V 

s 
c r: 



s 






» fi 






s 



Ph 

CO 



V 






® («) ® (5) 















® ® ® ^ 



s^ 






Pw 



o 
p^ 

O 

V 



.^ o 



C 

U 

P^ 

CO 









1^ 



.5 

CO 

O 

V 



u 

•Pi*- 
P* 

o 



4^ 
CO 

O 



(S (|> 



84 



Irregular Verbs. 












s: 

JO 

<3 o 

«*- tti. 






S 

O 

o 



o J5 ^ 

5 ^ • - 

Sow 
«t2- itL es. 

c$} <n o 



S 
«» 



C3» 



Cm 

U 

o 



P-l 



V O 

Its. o 









o 






^ uaS. «• 
ctL c^ <X 



Cm 

to 
u 









il« «t£> 





► 


















. 


•■0 










4iA 




















«tJ- 










<« 



















































eo 














^ 






e^ 










^ 










IpH 







^0 


























• 






« ^^ 




* *■* 










••0 










CO 




S- 


iti. 




«tl. 


S- 








<i2. 










B4 




• 


« 




• 


% 








• 










P4 




C^ 


tfO 


n3 
S 
V 



CO 




CO 




CO 


in 


bD 




C^l 





N 


» 

(4 

p 


4i^ 




'5 




CO 
CO 







CD 






CO 


G 

CO 


J2 

CO 


{^ 

CO 





CO 



4-> 





4^ 

cd 

s 
























•^ 







4^ 

s 


4^ 


«*. 










V 






4^ 







4-» 




CO 


4-< 


V 




1-^ 




4>> 











c» 


^0 




-£» 





«U 





* ^H^ 


<0 




u 




kS> 


s^ 






w 




^ 




c 


^£D- 







'S 














s 
















W 









(5) (5) (5) (5) 



(^ 



(5) (5) (5) 



® 



Irregular Verbs, 



85 






I ^ 
i - 






tt 


S 


Q> 


o 


tfcr 




o 




s^ 


n 


■♦-» 


-«>» 


o 


o 


c» 


<» 



*» 


r: 


n 


^> 




-1— » 








c 


o 


o 


o 


S 


<3 


S-* 


» , 


i^ 


w 


b£5^ 


+^ 


-«—» 


-«»* 


-4-* 




o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


<» 


ca 


c» 


OJ 


<» 



o 

Cm 

a. 



j o 
(1< 



<3> 









« O O « 

w S_» s^ w 



■w- ^ 









>JSS 






• 




<5) 


> 


-4-» 


'2 d 


^^ 


^» 


M-» c> 


<5 


&^ 


ca 


O 


c 


aA V« 



CO 

lb 



CO 



^ ca v^ s- 



W 



c^ 



u 

o 



o 

1^ 









:3 •% 



o 



o 



o 






CO 



c^ 






s ^ 



I 



o 



O 

4^ 



o 

CO 



03 



• •\ 

o 

r: 



o 



4^ 



V3 ^^ 



u 

^ 

V 



V 

fi: 



02 

o 



o 

•13 



> 

o 

'T3 



"si ^ 

* 6^^ 



>*-> 

s 

^:^ 



(N 






fO 



'n o 



rJ3 OJ 



o 









o 



*■• •» -^i^^ 

c *^ 5 
W 6^ t^ 



86 



Irregular Ferbs. 






U 
P4 



Cm 



cu 






> 

?3 



0} 

Vi 

P4 



s 




S 


» 


o> 


c 


o 


S 


o 




-s 


>o 


«o 


^ 


<d:> 


:_» 


*-> 


w 


w 


o 


o 


Ck> 


^ 


s> 


£> 


» 


$> 



s 
o 



JO «) 



<3a 







^ 








«> 








-*r» 








s 


V 


*J^ 


V 

§ 


s 


iO 


o 


X» 













n3 

a 



0) 
CO 



CO 



V 



<3J 



<x» 



Si* 



.hi .^ 

C^$ CO 









^ 



o 






o 

V 

c: 



c« 



CO 



O 

4-* 






13 



o 

4^ 



P 

o 

r— < 

o 



I- 

o 






w s-» 
(N CO 



I 

O 



.51 

1-= ifO. 



0) 

(4-4 

o 
o 

a 

o 

X - 
V 

4i^ 

CO >-* 

r^ O 

5^ 
o ® 

i s 

>— ' A 



O 



>^« .*-» ^ 



<5> «> 



rt 



a 






«> 
$> 



<N eO 



^ ^ 



u 



O -fi 



V 



a; 



CO 



CO 

O 

V 

S 
o 

w 

>o 



o 

u 

ce 

CI 



o 






O 

U 
O 



.w 



_« \ , 



c* 



en 



» o 

CO 

S-i CO 

•'■ .-« 

C —4 

.5 «. 

br/S 

^^ 

CO "^ 

> 

a> 



^ ^ 



Irregular Verbs, 



87 



.s 










<<irf 












c 


c 






P. 

• 




^ 

"o 




<3 


o 


^ 






u 


u» 


u» 




^ 


Ph 


<» 


Q> 




^ 


» 


$> 




£> 


• 










o 










V 










Cm 










U 










V 




•^ 

h 






p4 




o 






IS 




>-• 


V 






-^ 


-'-N 

^ 




s 

o 


^ 


o 


,0 





£ 


:^ 


U» 


s-» 


u» 


o 


«> 








$> 


$^ 


» 


£> 


ic3 










> 










•^ri 










^rf 










(6 










CI. 








tea. 


S 


















£> 


Ic3 










i> 








. 


* fM 










• l^V 










See 










iC^ 








.^ 



^ «^ iO 

— «^ c 3 c 

5 -s = i ^ 

° i :§ S «. 

s-» w w w :^ 







V 



•Si 












o 



<3 



•u 






a 


f>^ 


;« 


rt 


ct 





C^ 





a 








u 


u 











4-» 


•pj 




V 


V 


s 








^-^ 


■e- 


'o 




^ f^ 


c^ 






*^ 


<3) 


«> 


W 



^ 


^ 


* 



ei 


v- 
















<t^ 


*K 









-u^ 
















•«>» 


-b^ 






i^ 


<sa 
















•(■^ 


»4^^ 






••« 


-cs 
















:_> 


S^ 






-^Mi^ 


"■■■*- 
















•^« 


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w 


&i« 
















3^ 


i^ 




































$:> 


£> 
















» 


$> 






cl 


0-5 
















C^ 


CO" 















b 

M 
w 




1- 




1- 

s 












C 
a 

CO 



4^ 


a 


«% 

► 
<« 
V 




CO 





4^ 



> 



> 







V 




^0 


s 

• MM 


cn 











C 




V 




4J 

V 

s 

iO 










CO 




CO 




CO 


.s 


s 





V 




JO 

s 


«3 


r— 





QJ 
S 



CO 


V 

£5 


CO 


4^ 




CO 





4^ 





g 


2 

g 




V) 






s 

rt 







W 




1^ 


l-» 


;_* 


:-> 


u» 






i-t 













c>> 





Q> 


«!> 


ca 






r^ 









^ 



^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 



^ 



88 



Irregular Verbs* 



o 








F*^ 








C^ 








• p"« 








o 








• *i4 








Jb^ 








:^ 


S 






C5 


o 


c: 




a 


w 


<» 






:^ 


J&- 




• 


a 






;-! 


w 


>.« 




P^ 


Q> 


o 




£> 


^ 




• 
4-> 








o 








.« 








Cm 








;h 








Q> 








^ 








3 


.V 






• r^ 


W 


V 




S-i 


w 


\X> 




O) 


o 


«> 




iUJ 


s 


'♦^ 




O 


#<o 






w 


w 














»» 




• 




U 




o 




o 




> 




^— ' 




•M 








4.^ 




V 


V 


a 




O 


/-N 


U 




^ 


sO 


V 






^4^^ 




*s 


o 


Ph 




♦« 


#40 


g 




^ 


S^ 




o 


o 


HH 




» 


s> 


• 




« 




► 








• M 








•k^ 








CO 








u 








• P^ 








•T3 








fl 








1-4 








• 








O 








u 








Pm 










• 


o 






&I 


'd 

u 






O 


ed 






iM 


1^4 






r> 


■ 






0> 


o 






W 


4^ 




• 


S 


c» 




o 


<+H 


a» 




> 


fl 


CO 




• f^ 


o 







4-1 


u 




<43 


o 

4-» 


H 
V 






V 


O 




c 


4i^ 






o 


V 






%* 


g s 






w 




I 


a 








«> 


v« 






^ 

* 







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S 










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Irregular Verbs. 



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90 Reflective Verb. 

REFLECTH E VERB. 

©ic^ freuen, to rejoice. 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 
Singular. Singular. 

1. SS^ freue mid), I rejoice L Sd? freue mic^, (if) I re- 

joice 

2. T)u freuejl (or, freuf!) 2. X5u freuejl ^lcft, uO ^hou 

bidt)r thou rejoiccst rejoice 

3. dv (jie, c^) freuet (or, 3. ^r freue (ic^, (if) he re-^ 

freut) jlc^, lie, (she, it) joice 

rejoices 

PluraL Plural. 

1. 2Bir freuen un^, we re- 1. ^ir freuen uni, vve re- 

joice joice 

2. 5^r freuet (or, freut) 2. 21?^ freuet euc^, you rc- 

euc^, jou rejoice joice 

3. ®ie freuen ftd^, thej re- 3. @(e freuen fid), they re- 

joice, joice. 

Preterpluperfect. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. 3c^ freute (or, freute) 1. Jift freuete mic^, (if) I 

mid}, I rejoiced rejoicerl 

2. T)i\ freuetejl (or, freutejl) 2. 2^u frcuetejl bid), (if) 

btcft, thou rejoicedst thou rejoiced 

3. (5r freuete (or, freute) 3. ^r freuete (idj, he re 

a^, he rejoiced joiced 



Reflective Verb, 



91 



INDICATIVE* 

Plural. 
1. SBir freueten (or, freuten) 

Un^/ v've rejoiced 



SUBJUXCVIVE. 

Plural. 

1. SBir freueten un^, we re- 
joiced 



2. %\)X freuetet (or, freutet) 2» 3^r freuetet eud), jou 



euc^r yoii rejoiced 



rejoiced 



3, ©ie freueten (or, freuten) 3. ©ie freueten fic^, iliej' re- 



fld), thej rejoiced. 



joiced. 



m Singular. 

!♦ Sc^ ?>abe mic^ gefreut (or, 

gefreuet), I have rejoiced 

2. X)u ^afl btc^ gefreut, thou 

liast rejoiced 



Preterperfect. 



Singular. 

1. Sd) N^^ mic^ gefreut, (if) 

I have rejoiced 

2. ^u ^abej! bic^ gefreut, 

(if) thou have rejoiced 



3. ^r \)ixX flc^ gefreut, he has 3. Sr ^abe (Ic^ gefreut, (if) 



rejoiced 

Plural. 

1. 28ir ^aben un$ gefreuf, 

we have rejoiced 

2. 5^r y^c^'^i euc^ gefreut, you 

have rejoiced 

3. ®ie ^aben fid) gefreut, 

they have rejoiced. 



he have rejoiced 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir ^rtben un^ gefreut 

we have rejoiced 

2. 5^r \i(x\)Zi m^ gefreut, 

you have rejoiced 

3. ®ie \)<x^zxi (ic^ gefreut, 

they have rejoiced. 



Preterpluperfect. 



Singular. 
1. 3A &^tte mid) gefreut, I 

had rejoiced 



Singular. 
1. 3(ft %hXiz mtc^ gefreut, 

(if) I had rejoiced 



92 



Rejlecti'vc Verb, 



INDICATIVE. 

2. iTu l^attejl bict) gefrewt, 

thou hadst rejoiced 

3. Sr ^atte (icf) gefreut, lie 

Jiad rejoiced 

Plural. 
1, 2Bir fatten un^ gefreut, 

we Jiad rejoiced 

2» 5(^r Ijattet eud) gefreut, 

you had rejoiced 

3. ©ie (;atten jicf) gefreut, 

they had rejoiced. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

2. Du ^dttejl bic^ gefreut, 

(if) thou had rejoiced 

3. dr ^atte (td) gefreut, he 

liad rejoiced 

Plural. 

1. 2Bir fatten un6 gefreut 

we had rejoiced 

2. 3f)f f^attet eucfj gefreut, 

you had rejoiced 

3. ©ie fatten fid) gcfreut 

they had rejoiecd. 



First Future. 



Singular. 



Singular. 



1. 3c^ werbe mic^ freuen, I l. 3c^ x^zxlz mic^ freuen. 



shall rejoice 



(if) I shall rejoice 



2. X)« tt)ir(f bic^ freuen, thou 2. ^u werbejl bic^ freuen, 

shalt, or wilt, rejoice (if) thou shalt rejoice 

3. @r tt)irb flc^ freuen, he 3. @r tuerbe |I(^ freuen, he 

shall , or will , rejoice shall rejoice 



Plural. 



Plural. 



1. 2Bir werben und freuen, 1. SSir werben un4 freuen. 



we shall reioice 



we shall rejoice 



2. ^\)x njerbet euc^ freuen, 2. 3fer itjerbet euc^ freuen, 

you shall, or will, re- you shall rejoice 

joice 

3. ©ie werben iid^ freuen, 3. @ie werben fieft freuett,| 

they shall, or will, re-* they shall rejoico^. 

joice, 



Reflective Verb. 93 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Second Future. 
Singular. Singular. 

1. %^ wer^e mid) gefreut 1» 2ct) tuerbe mid) gefreiit 

^aben, I shall have re- ^aben, (if) I shall have 

joiced rcjoicefl 

2. Du iuirjl bid) gcfreut 2. Du njerfcejl tic^ gefreut 

j^rtbeit/ thou shalt, or baben, (if) thou salt 

wilt, have rejoiced have rejoiced 

etc. etc. 

First Future Conditional. 

Singular. 
1» Sc^ «5Urbe mi^ freueit^ I should, or would, rejoice 

I 

I 2. Du tt)urbc(l bid) freuen, thou shouldst, or wouldst, 

' rejoice 

3. ^r tt)Urbe ftc^ freiten. he should, or would, rejoice 

Plural. 
1» 2Bir tt5urben itn§ freuen, we should, or would rejoice 

2. 3^^ raurbet eud) freuen, you should, or would, rejoice 

3. ©ie ttJUrbert jld) freuen, they should, or would, rejoice. 



Second Future Conditional. 

Singular. ^' 

1. 5d) ttjurbe mid) gefreut \)^\iZXi, I should, or would, 

have rejoiced 

2. t)u wiirbell V\^ gefreut ^aben, thou shouldst, or 

wouldst, have rejoiced 
etc. 



94 Reflective Verh, 

IMPERATIVE. 

Singular. Plural. 

(1. greuen mx un$, let us 

rejoice 

2. Sreue (bu) bid), rejoice 2. greuet (or, freitt) (ibO 

(thou) eud). rejoice (jou> 

3. greue er fl*, let him 3. greucn fie fid), let them 

rejoice rejoice 

INFINITIVE. 

Present, ©id) freuett, to rejoice 

Preterperf. @ic^ gefreut ^aben, to have rejoiced 

Future, ^\^ freuen werten, to be about to rejoice 

PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 

^\^ freuent), rejoicing. ^ 



Compound Verbs, 95 



^'ERBS COMPOUND. 



{ 



1. Verbs Compound Separable. 



RULES. 

1. The particle is separated from the verb, in the 
indicative, and subjunctive, when these moods are not, 

i for some grammatical reason, placed at the end of tlie 
sentence: farther, in the imperative 5 in the infinitive, 
bj the preposition %% and in the preterite participle, bj 

' the augment ge. 

2. The particle, thus separated, stands in the infini- 
tive, and preterite participle, before the verb 5 in the 
indicative, subjunctive, and imperative after the verb, 
and likeAvise after all the words governed by, or con- 
nected with, the verb. 

See the Grammar, p. 305. 



The 


separable verbs, are tho? 


5e composed with : 


ah, 


as, abfegen, to laj 






down 


from fegen, to lay 


axi, 


— (tnfangcn, to begin, 


fiingen, to catc 


axCcjzm, 


— an()eimjIeKen, to re- 






fer to. 


— — fteden, to place 


auf. 


— aufbdren, to cease 


l)6ren, to hear 


^\x%, 


— au^faffen, to leave 
out, 


laffen, to leave 


be(. 


— hz\^z\^ZX{, to assisit, 


fteben, to stand 



y 



06 

bar, 

trtbet, 
t>a»on, 

fort 

?>erab, 
^eratt/ 

l^erbet, 
^er»or, 

^inan. 



Compound Verbs. 

as, barbringen, to offer, from bvindeii/ to bring 



to present, 

— babeijle^en, to stand 

by, 

— t)atjon(aufen,tornnoff, 

— einFaufen^tobuyin, 

— fortfa^ren, to con- 

tinue, 

— l()eimFel^ren, to re- 

turn home, 

— ^erbringen, to bring 

along, 

— l^erabfe^en,to lower, 

— ^eranfu^ren,to bring 



on, 



jlebeH/ to stand 

laufen, to run 
iPaufcn, to buy 
fat?ren. to move 
along 

fc^^ren, to turn I 

ll 
bringen, to bring 

fegejt/ to set . 
fubren, to lead j^ 

bolen, to fetch 



— I^errtu^^olen, to fetch 

out, 

— |>erbeirufen, to call 

towards yon, 

— l^ereinbringen, to 

bring in, 

— ^lerijorbringeu, to 

« duce, 

— j^inge^eH/to go along 

— btnablaflien, to let 

down, 

— j^inangieffen, to pour gieffen, to pour 

to, 

— ^^inau^werfen, tolling * werfeit. to fling 

out, 



lufen, to call 



bringcn, to brinf 

. 

bringen, to brin^ 

geben, to go 
(ajTen, to let 



Separable 



97 



fpringen, to !eap 



ne^men, to take 



binuber, as tjmitberrrrtgen, to fVom rragen, to cany 

carry over, 

t?inunrer, ~ Ibinunterfpringen, to 

leap clo^y^, 

ntit. — mitnebmen, to take 

wiili you 5 also 
to censure, 

nacb, — nad)foIgen, to follow, 

to succeed, 

«ict)er, — nieberjlc^eiT, to strike 

do^Yll, 

IP^, — Cbd'Cvjett, to be in- 

cumbent on, 
»or, — . jjorgeben, to pretend, 

tjoran, — fcrangeben, to go 

before, 

»crau^. — tjorau^fe^en, to sup- 
pose, 

coruber, — ijoruberfa^reit^topass 
iiberein, — ubereinfcmmett, to 

agree, 

meg, — ruegbfeiben, to stay 

away, 

wieber, — miefcerfommen, to 

come again, 
'^'ote. In ttJieberl^Olen, to repeat, from ^ofen, to fetch. 

it is inseparable. 

\\x . as, jureben, to persuade rebeit, to talk 

isurucf, — 5«i'ucffe]J)ren/ to return fe^ren. to turn 



fofgen, to follow 
ftofen, to push, 

to strike 
Iiegeit, to lie 

geben, to give 
9e(?en, to go 

fe|en, to put 

fal^ren, to move 

f ominen, to come 

bleiben, to stay 

fommen,to come 



98 



Compowifl Verhs, 



jufrtmmen, as sitfammenfc^eit, to put fromfe^en,io pur. 

together, to compose, 
to construct. 



IL Verhs Compound Inseparable, 

RULES. 

1. The component particle is not separated from 
the verb. 

2. The preterite participle does not talte the aug- 
ment ge. V 

Tlie few exceptions, which are found to those rules, 
are mentioned in the Grammar , p. 307« 

The verbs inseparable, are those compounded with ;j 

Be, as, l^enjeifen, to prove, from ttjeifett , to showj 
emi>, — empfangcn, to receive ^ — fangen, to talie j 
ent, — ente^ren^to dishonour, ef^ren, to bonourl 

tx, — erl^alten, to preserve, 

ge, — - 9efcr<t«c!)Ctt, to make 

use of, 

Ijjinter, — l^iutergel^cit^to deceive,. 

m^t — mi^fciUen/ to displease,. 

ttXf — Xi^x\^\jX^% to con- 

sume, 

i)eral6, — ijerabfc^euen, to detest, fd^euen, to shu] 

i)crnac^, — tJernac^laffiQen, to ne- (affen/ to leave 

gleet, 

azxm, — Derunveinigen, to soil, reinigett, to cleai 

witer, — ttJibeiTrttfjen/ to dis- ratten, to advis( 

suade, 
\^Xr — %^X^i)\jX%X^, to destroy," fto^rett, to stir. 



IJjalten, to hold 
braitcfeen, to use 

9e()en, to go 
faKen, to fall 
se^ren^ to wast( 



Separable and Inseparable* 99 

III. V^erhs Compound Separable and Inseparable, 

RULES. 

1. Verbs of this description are separable, when their 
signification is neuter, or intransitive; They are inse- 
parable, when they have an active, or transitive meaning. 

% When the verb is separable, the accent rests on 
the particle 5 Avhen inseparable, it is laid on the verb. 

The verbs, which are both separable, and inseparable, 
are composed with the following prepositions: 
t)ltrct)r as, bur^h'e^ett, to break through, separable and 
inseparable, preterite participle, burc^gef^rOd^Ctt/ «^nd 

burd)broc^en, from brecfeen, to break 

unt/ as, umlaufeH/ to run round, separable and insepa- 
rable, preterite participle, umgefaufen, and umfrtUfclt/ 
from (auferi/ to run 

fiber, as, uberfe|cn, to get over, to leap over, separable, 
preterite participle, ubergefe^t: and iiberfe^en, to 

translate, inseparable, preterite participle, liberfe^t; 
both from fei^en, to put 
Unter, as, untergel^en, to go down, to perish, separable, 
preterite participle, Ulltergegangen , from (^z\jiX\ , to 
go: itnterne^men, to untertake, inseparable, pret. 

part, unternommen, from ne^men/ to take. 



PREPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions ivtth the Genitite Case. 

3tnj!att, or ^iM, instead of 
^efage, pursuant, according to 



]00 Prepositions ^'itk the Genitive. 

■£>a(6cn, ^a(6er, on account of. It Is always placed afit^r 

the case it governs. 
'2IU§er!^alb, without, on the outside of 
3nnerl^a(b/ within, in the inner part of 
i!)ber(^alb, above, on the upper side of 
llntcr^alb/ below, on the lower side of 
5}iefir^it^, on this side of 
Senfeit^r on the farther side of 
^raft, by the power of 

Saut, according to, conformably to, by the tendency of 
^JJittelj]-, t)ermitte(|l, by the means of 

Urn -widen, for the sake of: as, Um ©otte^ widen, for 

God^s sake 

Hngeac^tet (or, ol^ngea^tet), notwithstanding 

Unweit, (or, OJ^nweit) not far from. It may be placed 

either before, or after its case. 
^Jermoge, by dint of, by the power of, by means of 

5Bdbrenb, during 

SBegen, 1. because of, an account of. 2. concerning, 

with regard to, relating to. It may sometimes 

be put after its case. 

Prej)ositio7i8 with the Dative Case. 

5(U^, out of 

^ll^er, 1. out of, on the outside of. 2. out of, not| 
within, passing the bounds of, in a state oj 
deviation from» 3. besides, over and abovel 

55ei, 1. by, beside, near to. 2. with, in company ofJ 
3. at, present at, noting co-existence of time.j 



Prepositions with the Dative and Aecicsative, 101 

I 4. in , serving for quotations: as, SBei tettt 

<P(atO, in Plato 
j (Jrttgegett/ towards, against. It stands always after its case. 
, ©egenuber, over against, opposite to. To be but after 
1 its case^ 

; Sanger along 

; ma, with 

, 9iac^, 1. after , posterior in time , behind. 2. to, in a 
direction to, towards; 3. according to 

3?e(jjl", Cor, benebjl), together with, besides 
' ;Dbr over, on, at, during, on account of 

'SiZ'xif since 

SSOH/ 1. by, noting an agent. 2. of. 3. from 

3U/ 1. to. 2 at, of place. 3. at, of time. 4. at, of 
proportion. 3. on , noting manner : as , 3W 
iPferbe, on horseback 

3Mf'^^9^/ ^^ consequence of. After the case. It is some- 
times placed before 5 but then it governs the 
genitive. 

3UttJifccr/ against, in opposition to. After the case. 

Prej)ositi07is with the Accusative. 

Swr^, 1. through. 2. by, noting a means, or instrument. 
3. through, noting continuance of time. In this 
signification it is put after its case: as: X)i^ 

ganse S^ac^t l)«rct|, the whole night through. 

%)XX, for 

@egen, 1. to, towards. 2. against 

^^X\%, without, not with 



102 Prepositions with the Dative and Accusati've, 

©Onbet/ without, not with. It only occurs in a fe 

phrases: as, ©onber 3wtifel/ without doubl 

Uttt, !• around^ about. 2. it signifies change, and v 

cissitude : as, dinen Xag urn t)en anterti/ ever 

other day. 3. a loss: as, Um ettt)a^ fommei 
to lose a thing. 4. it marlis an object: a? 
\Xm @e(b fpielen, to play for money. 5. 
comparison: as, Um imx'^xWM XiX^ZX, nior 
rich by two thirds. 6. with reference, wit 
respect to, as far as relates to: as, @^ \\ 

eine iingewiffe ©ad)e um ben ^n'eg, as for thi 

war, it is an uncertain thing 
2Bibet, against, In opposition ta. 

Prepositions ivith the Dative and 
Accusative Cases. 

RULE. 

These prepositions arc joined with the dative, whei 

they denote permanent, or stationary, locality j and witJ 

the accusative, when they imply motion to a place. 

Silt/ with the dative^ 1. at, on, near, in; noting loca 

lity. 2. in, at; noting the object of an action: as 

^ie 3Serbtenjle be^ 3Sater^ an ttm ^Inbe i^elo^nen, t< 

reward the merits of the father in the child. 3. by 

of; noting a cause: as, 5ln einem Jieber jlerben 

to die of a fever. 4. in, by, noting state, condition 
manner: as, 3?eid) an %XZ\xntzX\, rich in friends 
Hit, with the Accusative^ 1. to; noting direction. 2. i 
signifies an object: as, 5ln ettta^ benfen, to thin] 
of something. 3. extent of space, and time, whei 



Prepositions with the Dative and Accusative, 103 

preceded by M^: as, SSi^ ait tie ©ee, as far as 
the sea) bid an ben 5lbent, until evening 
3Iuf/ with the Dative^ 1, upon^ noting locality of a 
higher place: as, 5Iuf bemX()Urme, upon the tower. 

2. in, atj noting locality in general: as, ^uf bent 
Sanbe, in the country 

51uf/ with the Accusative^ 1. upon 5 noting direction to 
a higher place. 2. to, into ; noting local direction 

i in general. 3. it signifies an object: as, 5lllf ^XXiZ^ 

©ac^e benFen, to think of a thing. 4. proportion: 

as, dine W^c<\j\iz\X auf »ier ^erfonen, a dinner for 

four persons. 5. extent, when preceded by bid: as, 

!Bid auf tzn (ei^ten -pfennig, to the last farthing. 

6. way and manner: as, 5luf beutfc^e ^rt, in the 
German manner. 7» it marks future time : as, 
5luf tzn aKontag, on Monday , or next Monday 

|)inter, behind 

Qn^ with the Dative^ in 

i 

Jn, with the Accusative, 1. into. 2. with bid, it notes 
extent : as, Sid in Ic^^ 3itttmer, as far as into the 
chamber 

Keben, beside, at the side of 

lleber, with the Dative^ 1. over, above 5 with respect 
to place. 2. above | with' respect to excellence. 

3. during; with respect to time, or occupation: 
as, Ueber bie 5lrbeit, while at work 

ijeber, witH the Accusative, 1. over 5 implying motion. 
2. above, beyond, exceeding, more than. 3. with 
h\^, it signifies extent: as, 35id uber txz Dbren, 
over the ears. 4- it notes a cause: as, ©id) liber 



104 Conjunctions, 

eitte ^rtc^e argern^ to be angry on account of a 

certain thing. 5. an object: as: Uzhzx einett ®^^ 
gcnjlanb fprec^en, to speak upon a subjet. 6. it 
signifies future time, when placed before the case> 
and continuance of time, when put after: as, 

|)eute uber ac^t Xage, this day sen'nightj ten 

©Ommer fiber/ during the summer 
Unter, 1. under. 2. among. 3. with the dative, it has 
also the power of denoting time: as, Unter bet 3fe^ 

gjerung ©eorg be§ Written, in the reign of George 

the Third 

35or, 1. before. 2. with the dative, it sometimes invol- 
ves a cause, as, SSor bem Xobe erfc^recfett/ to be frigh- 
tened at deaths i(50r %xz\x'tz tt)einen, to weep for joy. 
3. with the dative, it likewise signifies a^o, deno- 
ting time past: as, 3Sor brei Z^\jXZWe three years ago^ 

,3wifc5^«/ between. 



CONJUNCTIONS, 

^ber, but 
%Mn, but 

^\i, 1. as. 2. than. 3. when 

5lffO, 1. so, thus. 2. therefore 

5luc{|, also 

5luf baf, in order that 

?8e»or, before 

"Da, 1. then. 2. when. 3. since, as, because 

Dafern, if 



Coi'ijunctions, 105 

Rafter, Micrefore 

Danm al^bantt, then 

Saruitt/ for that reason 

^af, that 
I '^tXiXl, 1. for, because. 2. then 
{ ^ennOC^r nothwithstanding 

1 Der6a(ben (bero^alben), beg^alben (.fce§t)a(b or be^()rt(b), 

I ihereforc, on that account 

j ^eflO, notes proportion, in the second part of a compa- 
rative sentence: as, 3e niebriger feine |)erfiinft ijl/ 
bejlo grower fmb feine SSertienjle, the lo\yer his origin 

is, the greater are his merits; je ru^iger fca6 Sebetl 

I t(l, beflo 9efd)icfter ijl e^ jum 5^aci)benfen, the more 

quiet life is, the more fit is it for meditation 

I5ien3ei(, because, obsolete 
I X50c!)/ yet, nevertheless, however 

dbe, before, sooner than, ere. 

(Jnttreber, either; always followed by ober^ or 

gaU^, im %<x\iz, in case rhat 

Jerner, farther, moreover 

gcfglicft, consequently 

'f)in9e9en/ on the other hand 

3e, is proportional, before a comparative degree, in the 
first part of a sentence : as 2e eber, bejlo befifer, the 
sooner, the better. Sometimes it is used instead 
of beflo: as, 5^ ^^^r, je (ieber, the sooner, the more 
agreeable. — 3^ nac^bem, according as 

Sebennod^, yet, nevertheless 

5eb0d), the same as boA 

Smmagen, whereas 



106 Conjunctions, 

%X(tzm, J. while. 2. because, since 
Sntefifen, in the mean M'hile 

3n9(eicl)en, or img(eicl)en, liltewise ^ 

^auitt/ scarce, scarcely. 

5Kit^ilV consequently * 

^C^^'^ZX^, after 

^f^dmltcft, namely 

-^ic{)t attein, nid)t nur, not only 5 follo^Tecl by font^crn 

<X\X^, but also 
5^0d^, 1. yet, still. 2. nor 5 preceded by itjetcr, neither 
5^un, now 

06, whcter, if ^ 

ID6g(eic^, Obfc^On, O^nJOl^I, though, although. Note. These 

conjunctions are frequently divided: as, Ob ^cr 

2)Iann glei^ franl^ ttjar, although the man was ill. 

Almost constantly, when a monosyllable follows: as, 

Ob er fci)on s« -^ctufe njai% though he was at home. 

^Z\X, feitbeiU/ since, from the time that 

©internal, flntema(en, because, since 

©0, 1. so. 2. therefore. 3. if, on condition that. 4. ©0 
ttJOM — M <^^^^, as well as. 5. it often connects 
the subsequent member of a sentence, with the 
antecedent. See the Grammar, p. 357? and 440 — 
6. when followed by 0^\x^ , it signifies however: as,| 

©0 grog fcte ©efai^r audi) fei;n mag, however greai 

the danger may be 
©Onbcrn, but. it is only used after a negative: as, 5?ici)l 

fc^warj, fonbern weifl, not black, but white. 

©On(l, else, otherwise 

%\)Z\\i — t^eif^, partly — partly 



Coiij unctions, 107 

Ue6rigen§/ as for the rest, however 

Ue^erfcie^, besides 

Unb, and 

ltngeacl)tet, nothwithstanding, although 

SBdt^renb/ iDa^venb ba^, ma^renb bem, while 

SBcinri/ when, if. It is a provincial mode a speaking, 

for wenn 

SBeber, neither ^ followed by nOct)/ nor 

SBcif, because 

SB^tltt, 1. if. It never can be used to express whether, 
2. when. In this signification, it is generally con- 
nected with the present, and future tenses. See 
the Grammar, p. 358. 

SSetingletd), wennfcfeon, although. They may be sepa- 
rated, in the same manner, as ob^leic^/ Obfc^on. 
See above. 

5BiC/ 1. how. 2. as. 3. than. This last significalion is 
not quite correct. 

3Biefern, how far. ^n ttJieferit, how far. 
|3Bien)0^(, though 

SBOr as a conjunction, is sometimes used for if ^\ 

iSBofern, if 

I 

'2Bc^(, indeed, perhaps, may be. It has the nature of 

an explicative particle , with a concealed meaning. 

See the Grammar, p. 360, and 422. 
'^war, indeed, it is so, allowing it; generally followed 

by one of these conjunctions, aber, a\iz\t\f bCC^, t^W- 

nocf)/ or a similar word 
£)bsn[)ar, though, although. 



108 Interjections, 

INTERJECTIONS. 

They mark the feelings, and affections of the mind. 

Some denote joy: as, 5i(^ ! ^Cl\ 

Mirth, and gaiety: as, ©a! ^et) ! be^jfa! 

Loud exclamations of the same kind: jud)! jucbt^ep! 

Others indicate sorrow, affliction, displeasure: 5Ict)! 

Pain: ^c^ ! we^ ! au ! rtUrt)e()! ^ 

Disgust: gi! pfui! 

The following express admiration: D! 0^! a^! Cl! 
or ep! 

Surprise, in a small degree: bltm ! IS)m! — in a 
greater degree: 51^! ^a ! — ^a ^a ! when you have 
found out, or unravelled a thing, either denoting sur- 
prise, or satisfaction. 

'^e I ^oUrt! serve for calling to a person. 

See, concerning the interjections, the Grammar 
p. 361, and 401. 402. 



Printed by Charles Naiiniann. Franklort o. M. 



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